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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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CHEMISTRY
Is the study of matter,
its properties,
the changes that matter undergoes,
and
the energy associated with these changes.
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Definitions
Matter
Properties
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Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Figure 1.1
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Figure 1.2
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SOLUTION:
(a) physical change
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Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
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Figure 1.3A
less stable
change in potential energy
EQUALS
kinetic energy
more stable
A gravitational system. The potential energy gained when a
lifted weight is converted to kinetic energy as the weight falls.
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Figure 1.3B
less stable
change in potential energy
EQUALS
kinetic energy
more stable
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Figure 1.3C
less stable
change in potential energy
EQUALS
kinetic energy
more stable
A system of oppositely charged particles. The potential energy gained
when the charges are separated is converted to kinetic energy as the
attraction pulls these charges together.
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Figure 1.3D
less stable
change in potential energy
EQUALS
kinetic energy
more stable
A system of fuel and exhaust. A fuel is higher in chemical potential
energy than the exhaust. As the fuel burns, some of its potential energy is
converted to the kinetic energy of the moving car.
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Hypothesis:
Experiment:
Model (Theory):
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altered if
predictions do
not support it
Solution
Check
Comment and Follow-up Problem
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PROBLEM: To wire your stereo equipment, you need 325 centimeters (cm) of
speaker wire that sells for $0.15/ft. What is the price of the wire?
PLAN:
Known - length (in cm) of wire and cost per length ($/ft)
We have to convert cm to inches and inches to ft followed by
finding the cost for the length in ft.
SOLUTION:
Length (in) = length (cm) x conversion factor
= 325 cm x in
= 128 in
2.54 cm
Length (ft) = length (in) x conversion factor
= 128 in x
ft
= 10.7 ft
12 in
Price ($) = length (ft) x conversion factor
= 10.7 ft x $0.15
ft
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= $1.60
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Table 1.3
Quantity SI Unit
SI Equivalent
1 meter (m)
1000 (103) m
English Equivalent
0.62 miles (mi)
English to
SI Equivalent
1 mi = 1.61 km
100 (102) cm
1000 (103) mm
1 yd = 0.9144 m
1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 m
1 centimeter (cm)
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0.01 (10-2) m
0.3937 in
1 in = 2.54 cm
(exactly!)
Table 1.3
Quantity
SI Equivalent
English Equivalent
Volume
1 cubic meter (m3)
English to
SI Equivalent
1,000,000 (106)
cubic centimeters
35.32 cubic feet (ft3)
1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3
1 qt = 946.4 cm3
1 fluid ounce = 29.57 cm3
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Table 1.3
Quantity
Mass
English to
SI Equivalent
1 kilogram (kg)
1000
grams
1 gram (g)
1000 milligrams
0.03527 ounce (oz)
1 lb = 453.6 g
1 ounce = 28.35 g
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continued
SOLUTION:
24.5 mL - 19.9 mL = Volume of galena
3
4.6 mL x 1 cm
mL
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4.6 mL x 10 L
mL
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= 4.6 cm3
= 4.6 x10-3 L
The sequence of steps may vary but essentially you have to find
the length of the entire cable and convert it to mass.
SOLUTION:
103 m
8.84 x 10 km x
km
3
= 8.84 x 106 m
1.19 x 10 -3 lb
8.84 x 10 m x
m
6
6 fibers =
1.05 x 10 lb x
cable
4
6.30 x 104 lb
cable
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= 1.05 x 104 lb
6.30 x 104 lb
cable
1 kg
2.86 x 104 kg
x
=
cable
2.205 lb
PROBLEM: Lithium (Li) is a soft, gray solid that has the lowest density
of any metal. If a slab of Li weighs 1.49 x 103 mg and has
sides that measure 20.9 mm by 11.1 mm by 11.9 mm, what
is the density of Li in g/cm3 ?
PLAN: Density is expressed in g/cm3 so we need the mass in grams
and the volume in cm3.
SOLUTION:
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10
g
1.49 x 10 mg x
= 1.49 g
1 mg
1 cm
20.9 mm x
= 2.09 cm
10 mm
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1.49 g
= 0.540 g/cm3
2.76 cm3
Figure 1.6
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SOLUTION:
(a) Converting from oC to oF:
9
5
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(38.7oC) + 32 = 101.7oF
Figure 1.9A
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PROBLEM: For each of the following quantities, underline the zeros that are
significant figures (sf), and determine the number of significant
figures in each quantity. For (d) to (f), express each in
exponential notation first.
(a) 0.0030 L
(b) 0.1044 g
(c) 53,069 mL
(d) 0.00004715 m
(e) 57,600. s
PLAN:
SOLUTION:
(a) 0.0030 L 2 sf
(b) 0.1044 g 4 sf
(c) 53.069 mL 5 sf
(d) 0.00004715 m
(e) 57,600. s
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83.5 mL
+ 23.28 mL
106.78 mL = 106.8 mL
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865.9
mL
- 2.8121 mL
863.0879 mL = 863.1 mL
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Exact Numbers
numbers with no uncertainty
60 min = 1 hr
1000 mg = 1 g
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PROBLEM: Perform the following calculations and round the answer to the
correct number of significant figures:
1g
4.80 x104 mg x 1000 mg
16.3521 cm2 - 1.448 cm2
(a)
(b)
7.085 cm
11.55 cm3
PLAN:
SOLUTION:
(a)
14.904 cm2
7.085 cm
= 2.104 cm
1g
(b)
4.80x104 mg x
1000 mg
11.55 cm3
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48.0 g
11.55 cm3
= 4.16 g/cm3
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Figure 1.8
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