PLANE and SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

Chapter 1: RIGHT TRIANGLES

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY
- deals with triangles and
interrelationships of its sides and
angles.
Applications:
mechanics, surveying, geodesy
advanced mathematics,
engineering and navigation, etc.
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
- angle formed between the
intersection of two lines or two
planes.

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

PRINCIPAL SYSTEMS
1. Sexagesimal System degrees,
minutes, seconds
2. Grade System - grades
3. Circular System - radians
4. Mil System - mils

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

Some Relationships

Between Circular and Sexagesimal

systems,

To convert degrees to radians, multiply the

degree measure by
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

ILLUSTRATIONS: Convert the following

from degrees to radians or vice versa.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

ANGLES IN STANDARD FORM

Angle in standard
form starts have
positive axis as the
terminal side.

terminal
side

Initial
side

Angles measured
counterclockwise
are positive.
Othewise, it will be
MATH 12:negative.
PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

COTERMINAL ANGLES
- angles having the same terminal
side.

Other measures for

the coterminal
angles are
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

ILLUSTRATIONS. Find the angle , co

terminal to the following:

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

LENGTH OF AN ARC

By ratio and proportion,

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

EXAMPLES:
1. Find the length of an arc that
subtends a central angle of in a
circle of radius 10 m.
2. An arc of length 100 m subtends
a central angle in a circle of
radius 50 m. Find .

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

EXAMPLES:
traveled along
3. Find the distance
an arc on the surface of the
earth that subtends a central
angle of 1 minute. (
4. Find the distance traveled by the
earth in one day in its path
around the sun given the ff info:
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

EXAMPLES:
5. A truck traveling at
a rate of 35 mph
goes through a circular path of radius
ft. Through what angle does it turn
in ?
6. A town in Luzon is in latitude .
Assuming the earth is a sphere of
radius , find the distance of the town
from the equator.
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

LINEAR VS ANGULAR SPEED

Angular speed: , where is

measured in radians.

Linear Speed:

Some

angular speed is measured in terms of

rev/time. Note that 1 rev = .
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

EXAMPLES:
1. A certain wheel rotates at an average of 25
rpm (revolutions per minute). If the radius
of the wheel is 30 in, find the angular
speed and the linear speed.
2. A truck with 48-in tire diameter is traveling
at 50 mph. ( 1 mi = 5280 ft, 1ft = 12 in)
a. Find the angular speed of the wheel in
rad/ min.
b. How many revolutions per minute do the
wheels make?
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

EXAMPLES:
3. A radial saw has a blade with a 6in radius. Suppose that the blade
spins at 1000 rpm.
a. Find its angular speed in
rad/min.
b. Find its linear speed.

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
Consider the following right
triangle:
For

any right triangle,

c
a

where is the
hypotenuse

b
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

Then we have the following six

trigonometric ratios:

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

ILLUSTRATIONS:
1. Evaluate the sixtrigonometric
ratios for :
5
12

2. Find the value of

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

EXERCISES:
1. Evaluate the sixtrigonometric
ratios for
:
25
2
24

2. Find the value of

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

APPLICATIONS
Angle of elevation/ depression

Angle of elevation

Angle of depression

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

APPLICATIONS
Bearing of a line

What are the bearing of the two lines?

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

ILLUSTRATIONS:
1. From the top of the
cliff which rises
vertically 168.5 ft above the river
bank, the angle of depression of the
opposite bank is . How wide is the
river?
2. A man standing 230 ft from the foot of
building finds that the angle of
elevation of the top of the building is .
If his eye is above the ground, what is
the height of the building?
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

ILLUSTRATIONS:
the angle of
3. A surveyor found
elevation of the top of a building
to be . After walking towards the
building, the angle of elevation
measured is . How tall is the
building if the device used for
surveying has a height of ?
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

ILLUSTRATIONS:
4. From a certain point,
a ship sails 45 miles
due north and then proceeds westward at
a speed of 20 mph. Find the bearing of
the ship and its distance from the starting
point four hours after it turned westward?
5. A ship sails and travels at a bearing of for
two hours before changing its course to
for additional 3 hours. If the ship travels
at a constant speed of , how far is the
ship from its original location?
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

EXERCISES:
1. From the top of a lighthouse
above sea level, a boat is
observed under an angle of
elevation of . How far is the
boat from the lighthouse?
2. Two strings tether a
balloon on the
ground, as shown.

10 m
How high is the
balloon?

EXERCISES:
3. From a certain point, a boat sails
30 miles due south and then
proceeds eastward at a speed of
15 mph. Find the bearing of the
boat and its distance from the
starting point 5 hours after it
turned eastward.
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTION VALUES
Recall:

Angles in standard form

Coterminal Angles
Reference Angles
- acute which the terminal side makes
with the always measured as positive.
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

Reference Angle

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

CIRCULARFUNCTIONS
Consider the following unit circle with
center at the origin and radius equal to 1.
(0,1)

Let be defined as follows

(1,0)

(-1,0)

(0,-1)

where is the terminal

points coordinates of
angle measured in
MATH
12: PLANE AND
SPHERICAL
standard
form.
TRIGONOMETRY

In short,

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

Quadrantal Angles

For quadrantal
angles,
.
.
.
.
.

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

The following are the summary

of six trigonometric ratios:

(1,0)

UND

UND

(0,1)

UND

UND

(-1,0)

-1

UND

-1

UND

(0,-1)

-1

UND

-1

UND

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

Special angles

Angles

whose
denominator are 6 have
a reference angle of

Angles

whose
denominator are 3 have
a reference angle of .

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

Special angle

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

The following are the summary

of six trigonometric ratios for :

2
2
2
-- 2
2
-2

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

Special angle

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

The following are the summary

of six trigonometric ratios for :

2
2
-2
-2
-2
2
2
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

Special angle

Angles

whose
denominator are 4 have
a reference angle of

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

Special angle

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

The following are the summary

of six trigonometric ratios for :

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY

In summary,
Referen
ce

QII

QIII

QIV

Termin
al Side

Note: The sign assignments of the coordinates will vary

depending on the quadrant.
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY

ILLUSTRATIONS: Evaluate the six

trigonometric ratios for each of the ff :

MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY