Secure OFDM-PON System Based on

Chaos and Fractional Fourier Transform

Techniques
Author: Lei Deng, Mengfan Cheng, Xiaolong Wang, Hao Li, Ming
Tang, Senior Member, IEEE, Songnian Fu,
Ping Shum, Senior Member, IEEE, and Deming Liu

Link to the video : https://youtu.be/rCJFGwSTmWo

Overview
OFDM-PON
Physical layer
Cryptography
Chaos
Fractional fourier transform
Implementation
Results
Extension

Passive Optical Network

A fiber optic access network to serve multiple end points from a single optical
fiber with unpowered optical splitters where it can serve upto 128 customers
per fiber.
In comparison to the Active Optical Network, the PON has low building and
maintenance costs owing to the lesser number of moving electrical parts.
The network has its origin from the Optical Network Terminal or the server
through the Optical line terminal (OLT), to the fiber feeder reaching at the
Optical splitter in the remote end where the optical power is split and reaches
the Optical Network Terminal (ONT).
A star topology is realized between the end users, with the OLT placed at the
center node.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM-PON
OFDM is a FDM scheme, which employs
orthogonal sub-carrier frequencies.
For Downstream transmission, the data
streams are modulated signals for
WDM-OFDM.
A demux is used to separate the channels
and deliver to each ONU.

Security- Physical layer

Fiber tapping is a method that extracts the signal from an optical fiber without
breaking the connection.
To access the core carrying the traffic, the fibers within the cable must be
accessed physically. Once done, several methods to extract data include:
Fiber bending
Optical splitting
Evanescent Coupling
V-Groove Cut
There is a need for encryption of the data.

Cryptography
Involves rendering a message unintelligible to any unauthorised party.
Encryption involves combining a cipher to a message with some additional
information. To unlock the cryptogram a key is required.
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical cryptosystems:
Secret key
Public key
Cryptoanalysis deals with the art of code breaking by performing statistical
analysis on the encrypted data stream, to search for patterns in the message
or cipher.

Chaos based cryptography

Diffusion property : If a character of the plaintext or the ciphertext is changed,
several characters of the other should change.
This property translates into a statistical structure involving long combinations
of letters in the cryptogram. So, intercepting requires a large amount of
material and analysis.
A chaotic system is sensitive to initial conditions and parameter values.

Chaotic systems : Logistic map

A logistic map can be defined as below
xn+1 = rxn(1-xn)
0<x<1
The iterative process of updating the next value can
be seen from the visualisation.
The parameter r is the growth rate which
determines the fluctuation.

Period doubling and chaotic nature

An attractor can be of fixed type or oscillatory in nature.
As the parameter increases, period doubling occurs.
For particular parameter values, the system enters deterministic chaos, which is
statistically similar to randomness.

Lorenz chaotic system

Defined by the following set of differential equations.
x = a(y x)
y = cx xz y
z = xy bz
2 equilibria.

Attractors in phase plane : Chens chaotic

system
Defined by the following set of differential
equations:
x = a(y x)
y = (c a)x + cy + xz
z = bz + xy
3 equilibria.
Enters chaotic region when
a = 35
b=3

Sensitivity to initial conditions

Control systems are based on linear systems.
Nearby points (initial states) converge over time.
In dynamical systems, the phase space is warped, leading to close points
diverging in time.
This property is referred to as the so called Butterfly effect.
The measure of the divergence property of a dynamical system is given by
CHAexponent.
LO CHE The
HEN values
ROS LOG
Lyapunov
for a few of the dynamical systems are given
OTI RE
N
ON
SLE ISTI
below: C NZ
R
C
SYS
TEM
S

Logistic map based security

Logistic map has been implemented to introduce chaotic scrambling.

A one dimensional logistic

map chaos model is chosen.
When r falls into the domain
3.569945<r4, the sequence
will fall into chaos.

Fractional fourier transform

The mathematical operation is as below:

The interpretation is a counterclockwise axis rotation of the representation of

the signal corresponding to p*pi/2 in the time-frequency distribution.
The parameter p is the measure of the rotation and is unique.

3-D security enhanced strategy

Chens chaotic system is employed based on its high Lyapunov exponent value.
3-D chaotic sequences are generated which are used for :
Time synchronization
Subcarrier masking
FrFT order
The differential equations are solved by fourth order Runge-Kutta method with
time step k = 0.001

Key extraction
The values for each frame is selected by solving for the following variables:
Dxi = mod (Extract (xi , 12, 13, 14) , 256)
Dyi = mod (Extract (yi , 12, 13, 14) , 256)
Dzi = mod (Extract (zi , 12, 13, 14) , 256)
Extract (, m, n, p) returns an integer, which is constructed by the mth, nth, and
pth digits in the decimal part of .

Histogram
The distributions of Dx, Dy, Dz are
fairly uniform.
The sequences are statistically
random.

Schematic and methodology of the

proposed
technique
: Training sequence
for time

Dx
synchronization.

Dy : Chaotic phase factors for

OFDM subcarriers.
Dz : Fractional order of FrFT.

Key Space 1050

With the fastest computing
speed 2.5 *1013/s, time taken to
do a complete search is 1.27 *
1029 years!

Experimental Setup
A PBRS of length 2^15 -1
16-QAM
257 subcarriers
128 : Data
128 : Complex conjugate
1 : unfilled dc subcarrier
CP : 1/10
OFDM symbol size : 563

Experimental Results : Transmission

performance

Experimental Results : Security

Extension of the model

In the above model a 3-D chaotic system is used for encryption.
The model is further extended by employing a 4-D chaotic system.

References
[1] J. Kani, M. Teshima, K. Akimoto, N. Takachio, H. Suzuki, K. Iwatsuki, and M.
Ishii, A WDM-based optical access network for wide-area giga- bit access
services, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 41, no. 2, pp. S43S48, Feb. 2003.
[2] J. Yu, M.-F. Huang, D. Qian, L. Chen, and G.-K. Chang, Centralized lightwave
WDM-PON employing 16-QAM intensity modulated OFDM downstream and OOK
modulated upstream signals, IEEE Photon. Tech- nol. Lett., vol. 20, no. 18, pp.
15451547, Sep. 2008.
[3] N. Cvijetic, OFDM for next-generation optical access networks, J. Lightw.
Technol., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 384398, Feb. 2012.

[4] L. Zhang, X. Xin, B. Liu, and J. Yu, Physical-enhanced secure strategy in an

OFDM-PON, Opt. Exp., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 22552265, Jan. 2012.
[5] Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos - Steven Strogatz
[6] Wikipedia