Ashutosh Narayan

Pandey
Sr Reservoir Engineer

Objectives:

Well Productivity/deliverability (IPR, AOF etc)

Reservoir Fluid Sample collection for PVT analysis
Evaluate Reservoir parameters (Permeability, Reservoir
pressure)
Evaluate Well Damage (Skin Factor)
Reservoir Characteristics and Hetrogenities
Reservoir Geometry (presence of Faults/ Fluid contacts and
their distances)
Estimating Inplace Hydrocarbon Volumes

 permeability is a property of

the porous medium and is a

measure of the capacity of
the medium to transmit
fluids

Commonly used unit is

millidarcy (mD)

Well Testing gives Effective Permeability

Effective
Permeability
Effective permeability: is a measure of the conductance of a
porous medium for one fluid phase when the medium is
saturated with more than one fluid.

The porous medium can have a distinct and measurable

conductance to each phase present in the medium

Effective permeabilities:

(ko, kg, kw)

Skin
Effect
Skin is an additional pressure change due to heterogeneities close
to the wellbore.
Possible causes:
+ve skin
Invasion of mud filtrate or cement during drilling or completion
Non-ideal perforations - too low shot density - plugged
Limited entry - partial penetration
Turbulent gas flow

-ve skin
Acidization or stimulation

Skin Factor
Skin factor is a variable used to quantify the magnitude of the skin
effect.
It is a dimensionless variable.

kh
S
ps
1412
. qB
In approximate terms:
A skin of +8 will cut the flow rate in half
A skin of 4 will double the flow rate

Process:
Lowering Pressure Gauges in the wellbore.
Introduce Abrupt change in Flow rate of the well.
measure P, T, and Q vs time (pressure, temperature, and flow rates,
respectively).

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Build-up Test
Falloff Test
Flow After Flow Test / Multi rate Test
Isochronal Test
Modified Isochronal Test
Interference Test
Interference Pulse Test

4500

900

3500
-100
-2

History plot (Pressure, Liquid Rate vs Time)

10

12

14

5600

4600
-1000
-2

History plot (Pressure, Liquid Rate vs Time)

10

12

14

5002

4992

4982

1800

4972

-200
-10

10

30

50

History plot (Pressure, Gas Rate vs Time)

70

90

5005

4985

4965

1800

4945

-200
-5

15

25

35

45

History plot (Pressure, Gas Rate vs Time)

55

65

75

5005

4985

4965

4945
-500
-2

13

18

History plot (Pressure, Liquid Rate vs Time)

23

28

4995

[psia]

4985

4975

4965

[STB/D]

4955

1000

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

History plot (Pressure [psia], Liquid Rate [STB/D] vs Time [hr])

140

160

Wellbore
Storage

C Vw Cw

where :
Vw is the wellbore volume
and Cw the well fluid compressibility

When we open the master valve at the beginning of a

welltest, the well may produce at a constant rate at the
surface. However, the flow rate from the reservoir in to the
wellbore may not be constant at all.
When we shut the well with master valve, the well still
flows at the sandface.

Late Time Region gives

Boundaries
Information, Reservoir
Pr. Inplace HC volumes
Middle Time Region gives
Permeability,Skin& Reservoir
Characteristics etc

Early Time Region

provides Near
Wellbore Information
(Affected by Wellbore
Storage)

Model

Reality

R&D
Reservoir Rock

Pressure Plots

Hydrocarbons

Mathematical
equations

Faults

Analysis

Well
&
Reservoir

q
0

fn kct, rw, etc)

Fluid flow in a porous medium is governed by:

Combining:
Darcys Law
Conservation of mass
Equation of state.

Diffusivity Equation

2p/r2 + 1/r (p/r) = (Ctk) p/t

BASIC EQUATION OF PRESSURE BUILD UP TEST:

162.6qB
mh

p p

k
i
1
hr
s 1.151
log10
c r 2
m

t w

3.23

Log-log plots are used in

welltest interpretation
It is a plot of pressure change
Vs logt
In wellbore storage affected
region it gives unit slope line
Log P

Since 1983, log-log

derivatives are used in
welltest interpretation.
Derivatives are differentiation
of
pressure change wrt time
Boundary effects are evident
by late time variation of the

Log t

Pressure change, derivative, psi

Early-time
region

Elapsed time, hrs

Middletime
region

Late-time
region

Sealing Fault and

Constant Pressure
Boundary

Composite Rectangle
Sealing fault
Infinite

Sealing fault

Sealing fault 1 Sealing fault 3 Constant pressure 2 Infinite 4 -

derivative increases
derivative continues to increase
derivative drops gradually
maintains some support

Naturally Fractured
System - Dual Porosity
System

Hydraulically Fractured
Wells

OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE:

Production (Oil) - personnel to flow the well and ensure that the well
is on uninterrupted production through existing bean for 48 hours.
During this period, flow rate & GOR should be measured and well
head pressures to be recorded at regular intervals. 2-3 Master
samples to be collected and sent to Chemical Laboratory for
determination of API gravity of oil, percentage of water content,
viscosity of oil and pour point (o C).
Chemical department to run in BHP gauge and record FBHP data at
500, 1500, 3000 and 3752 m for 0.5 hrs each and at 3902 m for 2 hrs.
Production (Oil) personnel to shut in well for 80 hours (tool at 3902
m).
Chemical department to record SBHP at 500, 1500, 3000 and 3752 m
prior to pull out of tool.
Run in bottom-hole sampler to 3902 m and collect 2 semi static
samples.

Basic Inputs
Flow rate and Pressure measurement vs time
PVT properties
Rock properties
Perforation data

In Oil India, Software used for Well test Interpretation is

WELTEST 200 developed by Schlumberger

KAPPAs SAPHIR and FAST WELLTEST by Fekete are the most

widely used Welltest Interpretation softwares

1.
2.
3.

Model Recognition
Parameter Estimation
Model Validation

Constant Well-bore storage and skin producing from a homogenous

reservoir in the presence of multiple boundaries (Faults and Constant
Pressure)

K = 700 mD, Skin = -3.4

Distance to first boundary, d1 (No-flow) = 200 m
Distance to second boundary, d2 (Constant Pressure) = 225 m

It includes
Test Objectives
Test Type
Test duration

Radius of Investigation
Distance a pressure
transient has moved into a
formation following a rate
change in a well

ri 0.00105

kt
ct

kt
948 ct

Build-up test could be done in already Shut-in wells !!

After Shut-in, pressure builds up rapidly, so 24 hours shutin is maximum for Well Test

Lowering of Pressure gauge after shut-in of Well

Well Test could be done in Artificial Lift wells.

No need to shut the well for Sample collection for PVT

analysis

Flow rate measurement with time is not Important