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Chapter Three
Polynomial & Rational Functions
Synthetic Division
2x3 1x2 + 2x 5
Quotient
Dividend coefficients
Quotient coefficients
Remainder
3-1-23
...
+ a1x + a0 , an 0
2. an > 0 and n odd
P(x) asx
P(x) asx
(x)
P(x) asx
P(x) asx
3-1-24(a)
...
+ a1x + a0 , an 0
4. an < 0 and n odd
x)
x
P(x) asx
P(x) asx
P(x) asx
P(x) asx
3-1-24(b)
n Zeros Theorem
Every polynomial P(x) of degree n > 0 can be expressed as the product
of n linear factors. Hence, P(x) has exactly n zerosnot necessarily distinct.
3-2-25
b
If the rational number , in lowest terms, is a zero of the polynomial
c
n
n-1
+ . . . + a1x + a0
an 0
3-2-26
Location Theorem
If f is continuous on an interval I, a and b are two numbers in I, and f(a)
and f(b) are of opposite sign, then there is at least one x intercept between a and b.
3-3-27
Midpoint
m
Sign of P
P(a) P(m) P(b)
(3, 4)
3.5
(3.5, 4)
3.75
(3.5, 3.75)
3.625
(3.5, 3.625)
3.5625
(3.5625, 3.625)
Stop here
3.5625
(
3
( ( )
3.5
3.625
)
3.75
)
4
3-3-28
2.
The bisection method requires that the function change sign at a zero
in order to approximate that zero. Thus, this method will always fail
at a zero of even multiplicity. Zeros of even multiplicity can be
approximated by using a maximum or minimum approximation
routine, whichever applies.
3-3-29
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
3-4-30