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System
Lecture 2
Day 1-Class 2
Pump
Driven by direct or indirect coupling with
Gear Pump
Fixed displacement for open center
Tolerates dirt well
Suitable for rugged applications
Cheap
Simple
High noise levels
Pressure pulses
Gerotor
Type of internal gear
pump
Used for pressures
less than 1200 psi
Quieter than other
internal or external
gear pumps
Vane Pump
Usually fixed
displacement for
open center, but can
have variable
displacement
Quieter operation
than the gear pump
Pressure ripples are
small, smooth
operation
More expensive
Piston Pump
Variable displacement,
closed center
Flow is pulsating
Can handle high
pressures, high
volumes and high
speeds
High power to weight
ratio
Complex and
expensive
Actuators
There are three types of actuators
Cylinders
Between the steered wheels
Always double acting
Can be one or two cylinders
Recommended that the stroke to bore
Fluid control
Fluid metering
Center
Must provide an appropriate flow gain
Must be sized to achieve suitable pressure
losses at maximum flow
No float or lash
No internal leakage to or from the cylinder
Must not be sticky
Wittren (1975)
Valve Flows
The flow to the load from the valve can be calculated
as:
QL Cd A1
1
( PS PL ) Cd A2
1
( PS PL )
(1)
as:
Qs C d A1
( Ps PL ) C d A2
(2)
( Ps PL )
Cd=discharge coefficient
=fluid density
L 12 12
Cd [1.5 13.74 * ( ) ]
DR
L 12
Cd (2.28 64
)
DR
for
for
DR
50
L
DR
50
L
Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number requires the
VD
R
=fluid density
V=fluid velocity
D=diameter of the pipe
= fluid viscosity
(Merritt, 1967)
Flow Gain
Flow gain is the ratio of flow increment to
Kq
QL
xv
(3)
(Merritt, 1967)
Flow Gain
Lands ground to
change area gradient
Figure 2.8.
Valve
spool with
modified
metering
lands
Pressure Sensitivity
Pressure sensitivity is an indication of the effect
PL
Kp
xv
(4)
(Merritt, 1967)
lands
Linear flow gain
Very expensive to manufacture
Leakage flows are minimum
Figure 2.9.
Critical
Center
Valve
Diagram
(Merritt, 1967)
QL Cd wxv
1
xv
( Ps
PL )
xv
(5)
equation 5assuming
QL, PL, and xv are 0.
wrc2
Qc
Ps
32
(6)
w = the area gradient of the valve
Qc= leakage flow at center position
= fluid viscosity (typical value is 2 x 10-6 lb-sec/in2)
rc= radial clearance between spool and sleeve (typically 2 x 10-4 in)
(Merritt, 1967)
Ps
K q Cd w
(7)
Cd=discharge coefficient
w=area of the orifice
=density of the fluid
Ps=supply pressure
(Merritt, 1967)
2( Ps PL )
Kp
xv
(8)
K p0
32Cd PS
rc2
(9)
(Merritt, 1967)
Figure
2.10 Open
Center
Valve
Diagram
(Merritt, 1967)
QL Cd wU
Ps
x
P
x
P
( (1 v )(1 L )1/ 2 (1 v )(1 L )1/ 2 )
U
PS
U
PS
(10)
Qc 2Cd wU
Ps
(11)
U=Underlap of valve
(Merritt, 1967)
K q0
Ps
2Cd w
(12)
(Merritt, 1967)
sensitivity is:
K p0
2 Ps
(13)
U = underlap
(Merritt, 1967)
Figure
2.11.
Closed
Center
Spool
Valve
Diagram
(Merritt, 1967)
Dr
3
Qc
[1 2 ]Ps
12 L0
2rc
3
c
(14)
(Merritt, 1967)
References
John Deere Corporation, 2000. Fundamentals of