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ARCHITECTURE IN COLD
AND SUNNY CLIMATE
METHODOLOGY
Architects can achieve energy efficiency in the buildings they
design by studying the macro and microclimate of the site,
applying bioclimatic architectural principles to combat the
adverse conditions, and taking advantage of the desirable
conditions
. A few common design elements that directly or indirectly affect
thermal comfort conditions and thereby the energy consumption
in a building are listed below:
1.Site (a) Landform
(b) Open Spaces And Built Forms
(c) Street Width And Orientation
2.Orientation And Planform
3.Building Envelope (a) Roof
(b) Walls
(c) Fenestration
(d) Colour And Texture
4.Techniques (a) Glazing
(b) Trombe Wall
(c) Waterwall
(d) Roof Based Air Heating System
(e) Sunspaces
SITE
Landform
a) In cold climates, heat gain is desirable. Hence,
buildings should be located on the south slope of a hill
or mountain for better access to solar radiation
b) Exposure to cold winds can be minimized by locating
the building on the leeward side.
c) In case the southern side is the windward side. The
building should be glazed in such a manner that
minimum wind enters the building. Parts of the site
which offer natural wind barrier can be chosen for
constructing a building
(b
(c) Street Width And Orientation In cold climates, the street orientation
should be east-west to allow formaximum south sun to enter the building.
The street should be wide enough to ensure that the buildings on oneside
do not shade those on the other side (i.e. solar access should beensured)
a) In cold climates, the street orientation should be eastwest to allow for maximum south sun to enter the
building.
b) The street should be wide enough to ensure that the
buildings on one side do not shade those on the other
side (i.e. solar access should been sured)
BUILDING ENVELOPE
(a) Roof False ceilings with internal insulation such as
polyurethane foam (PUF), thermocol , wood wool, etc.
are feasible for houses in cold climates.
(b) Aluminium foil is generally used between the
insulation layer and the roof to reduce heat loss to the
exterior.
(c) A sufficiently sloping roof enables quick drainage of
rain water and snow.
(d) A solar air collector can be incorporated on the south
facing slope of the roof and hot air from it can be used
for space heating purposes.
Fenestration
a) It is advisable to have the maximum window area on
the southern side of the building to facilitate direct
heat gain.
b)They should be sealed and preferably double glazed to
avoid heat losses during winter nights. Condensation
in the air space between the panes should be
prevented,
c) Movable shades should be provided to prevent
overheating in summers.
d)Colour And Texture
e) The external surfaces of the walls should be dark in
colour so that day absorb heat from the sun.
TECHNIQUES
Trombe Wall
A Trombe wall is a thermally massive wall with vents
provided at the top and bottom. It may be made of
concrete, masonry, adobe, and is usually located on the
southern side (in the northern hemisphere) of a building
in order to maximize solar gains.
The outer surface of the wall is usually painted black
for maximizing absorption and the wall is directly placed
behind glazing with an air gap in between
. Solar radiation is absorbed by the wall during the day
and stored as sensible heat. The air in the space
between the glazing and the wall gets heated up and
enters the living spaces by convection through the vents.
Cool air from the rooms replaces this air, thus setting
up a convection current. The vents are closed during
night, and heat stored in the wall during the day heats
up the living space by conduction and radiation.
The trombe wall should be adequately shaded for
Water Wall
Sunspace
A sun space or solarium is the combination of direct
and indirect gain systems.
The solar radiation heats up the sun space directly,
which in turn heats up the living space(separated from
the sun space by a mass wall)by convection and
conduction through the mass wall. In the northern
hemisphere, the basic requirements of buildings heated
by sunspace are :
(a) a glazed south facing collector space attached yet
separated from the building
(b)(b) Living space separated from the sun space by a
thermal storage wall. Sunspaces may be used as
winter gardens adjacent to the living space. The
Himurja building in Shimla has well designed solarium
as integral part of south wall to maximize solar gain.
LEH, LADAKH
LEH
Mountainous region
Little vegetation
Considered to be a Cold Desert
CLIMATE
COLD and SUNNY type of climate is experienced
here.
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
Summer
during day : 17 - 24C
during night : 4 - 11C
Winter
during day : 7 - 9C
during night : -14 0 C
Relative humidity consistently low : 10-50%
Winds occasionally intense
Sky is fairly clear throughout the year
Cloud cover is less than 50%
PHYSICAL
MANIFESTATION
Thick walls
Heavy walls (mud) and a well insulated roof (timber & mud)
dampen the variations of indoor temperatures.
Use of glass and trombe wall heat is stored in the building mass
during the day and warm during the night
OLD LEH
200 stone, mud and
timber houses sandwiched
between thick rammed
earth walls
Most well-preserved
traditional Tibetan city in
the world
Most signicant ensemble
of historic Tibetan
architecture
One makes the walls for the first floor, piling up stone and sun-dried brick,
and then places wooden beams and floor joists across the walls to support
the second floor walls above them,
and repeatedly adds more wooden beams across them.
Floors and roofs are made of mud treaded on wooden boards.
Roofs are basically flat, being unnecessary to waterproof, since it
scarcely ever rains.
Columns are needed midway across larger spans
Porch
Kitchen
Dining
Bedroom