Introduction To International

Relation
By:
Hadaitullah

Baqri
Email:hadaitbaqri@gmail.com

 CHAPTER.1

International Relations
Defense

Political

and Strategic studies

Economy

International Relations
Human

rights,
Environmental
issues
Nuclear issues
international law

food

issues
health and diseases
disaster
sport
Education
cultural exchange
transportation

Geo-politics
War
Territorial

expansion
Human rights
Arms race
Drug Smuggling
Refugee
Ideological conflict

Geo-economic
Dispute

over trade
Intellectual property right
Economic development
MNC
Industrial policy
Non violence diplomacy

Evolutions of IR
Developed

World
IR since 1945 (New phase in IR,
decolonization and incorporation of
newly independent state in world
affairs even as a peripheral
IR and emerging economies of the
South
Non state actors and IR

Realism (Power Politics)

Essential Realism

State centric (Statism)

Unitary Actor
Survival of the fittest (Survival)
Military spending/ Security (Self Help)
Competition
Fear
Insecurity
Anarchy
Hegemonic power and stability (diplomatic, political, economic
and cultural clout)
Power
National interest (Prime)
Rational Choice
Sovereignty
Neo-RealismKenneth Waltz.. predictability of state behaviour,
game theory (rational choice/prisoners dilemma.. Thomas
Schelling

Alternative to Power
Three Aspects
Liberal Internationalism, Idealism, Liberal Institutionalism
1. Morality
David Hume and John Lockes view
Social construct and institution conditioning human
conduct
2. Autocracy and failed States
Bad states
Democratic and institutional states do turn to anarchy
3. Neoliberalism (History and Multidimensional approach)
Collective Security
Institutionalism
Regimes

Key Concepts of Liberalism

Collective Security
Conditionality
Cosmopolitan Model of Democracy
Democratic Peace
Democracy Promotion
Enlightenment (Science, reason, secularism, freedom)
Idealism (Domestic Analogy)
(Public opinion, state leaders, intellectuals, international
organization)
Integration
Interdependence
Liberalism
Liberal Institutionalism
Liberal internationalism
Pluralism

Critical Theory
(Marxist/Gramscianism)

Anti Capitalist worldview

Commoditability of the world
Exploitation of the Masses (Labour exploit)
Stratification of the world
Imperialism
Division of the world (Nation-state product of
Capitalism)
Dependency world structure
Centralization of state affairs
Cultural/Societal Hegemony/ Civil Society

Socialist World view

Welfare

world (Bridge between the

capitalist and the workers)
Accommodation
Bridging the gulf of wealth distribution
State interference in public affairs

Feminism
Role

of women in politics
Subjugation of women
Masculine vs. Feminism

Postmodernism
A

challenge to Modern assertions of IR

Invalidity and Incorrectness in IR
Multiple Realities
Traditionalist TheoryGraphs, history,
table facts versus interdisciplinary
approach

Constructivism
Nicholas

Onuf and Alexander Wendt

Socially constructed.Sociological
approach
Constructivist and Post-structuralism
Looking at data and people from a
unique peculiarity
Phenomenal studies (Area studies)

What is

Civilization

What is Civilization
An

advance stage in human society

Conditioned by Geography, politics and
economic and technological culture
Controversial Concept
Modernity and Modernization.. Influence
on civilization (Acceptability,
Advancement in every field,
Modernization

Continued
Nations and Civilization
Chinese (internal problem), India, Ottoman and
Kingdoms in Africa and global dominance
Why Europeans (Effect, Efficient, technology and
political will power to subjugate other, racial and
religious motives
Why and how Europe dominate the world
(technological advancement, years of wars, political
rivalry
Roman Empire (modernized leadership, great military
power, good political structure and diplomatic
system. Hegemonic overstretch

Western Imperialism
Stages in European development
(Reformation, Renaissance, EnlightenmentHumanism)

Technology and Imperialism (Navigation, expedition,

Christianization, colonialism, No Mans land, Whiteman's
burden, Unculturedness of the others, racially lanced, height of
injustice and inequality

Gunpowder, naval ships and Canons

Emergence of the European Sovereign Nation-State

(1618-1648) why war
Treaty of Westphalia
(a) Recognition of States Sovereignty
(b) No interference in domestic matters of other state
(c) Kings right and authority over territory and decision over religion
(d) Independence and equality of state

(e) The

end of Popes power, feudalism and recognition of King

Continued
The rise of Absolute Monarchy (Old Wine
in a New Bottle)
Rise of financiers and trade expedition
Technological Development for
Imperialism and warfare
Urbanization due to the end of Feudalism
(transformation of the society)

Political Revolution
Enlightenment

(from monarch to popular

rule)
Absolute Monarchy (1648-1789)
repression, oppression, injustice, dearth
of political freedom and equal
representation
Political philosophers and Democracy
(Liberty, Equality and Fraternity)
Literacy rate, printing press, nationalism,
urbanization (demand of rights)

Economic Revolution
Ideology

and Change
Industrial revolution (from subsistence to
industrial production, surplus, profit)
Expansion of Market and demand of raw
materials (Imperialism and colonialism)
England the Pacesetter but why and how
(a) Systematic agricultural practice (large
scale farming and for population and
factory

Continued
b) Before revolution was trade revolution (good
national and international trade network)
(c) Ship building and water ways and British
Merchants.Commercialization of British
goods)
(d) Marriage of scientific knowledge and trade
skills, and the influence of government geared
at maintaining British hegemony
Effects of the Revolution
Population Explosion in the city (Urbanization)
New life style (Away from home) and (Closer
to workplace)
Development of transportation system for the
Urban and industrial life
Colonialism (social Darwinism)
(

The 20th Century

The

First and Second World Wars

(Versailles Treaty, the 14 points of
Windrow Wilson and the birth of the
League of Nations
Italian, German, Japanese and Russian
factors and the dawn of the Second
World War (The Nuclear threat,
Potsdam Treaty, the appearance of the
United Nations and a New World Order)

Chapter Three

Society
Tradition.Generational knowledge, simply
norms, values which are agreed upon by certain
community within certain period and preserved
through from generation to another
Culture a broad term shouldering human history,
tradition, language, social political and economic
behaviours of a particular people in a given locale.
(What determines our identity as a nation)
Civilization, a modernized aspect of culture
reflected by advancement in political, sociocultural, economic and technological behaviours.
(Catches admiration of others, ability to influence,
accommodate and expand)

Nation
Ideology....creed,

doctrine, belief, fundamental

principle un-compromisable (A set of ideas that
drives and maintains the existence of a system)
Nation.a political term used for the
classification of certain people within certain
boundary. Term used for people sharing
common tradition, heritage, culture, history,
language over a long period in time and
believing on certain ideology
(A determinant of identity and distinction from
others) (There could be nations within nations)

State
A

political entity, abstract, determined by

geography, people, government,
sovereignty, law, economic viability,
independent
The birth of state (Westphalia treaty)

Nation-State.an

outshoot of Westphalia
treaty which gave sovereignty to state,
transported from Europe to the rest of the
world (Colonialism)
(Nations within nation, integration,
common goal, distinction from others
Dilemma of the nation-states

Value
Socialisation.a process of induction, learning,
norms, values, rituals and rites of the societies
(Agents of Socialisation..Home, School, Peer group,
Religious institutions, Government institutions and
Mass Media)
Subculture.representation of smaller culture within a
bigger society (Latinos, African-American, Asian
American, South Asian American, Koreans, Chinese
and Africans)
Supranational culture is the opposite of the
subculture, representing the bigger culture that
brings smaller culture together. (African culture
Western culture, Asian or American culture) for
which many nationalities can claim linkage.
(Koreans, Chinese and Japanese any differences
(Africans in diaspora)

Continued
Nation
Multi

Building Dilemma

nationalism

Nationalism

and Internationalism

Chapter
Four

Politics and Power

What

is Politics
Process of power distribution among interest
group
Ability to manage, organise both human and
natural resources at a given political community
Politics is the medium of resolving political issues
Morgenthau, Dahl, Deutch.Power ability of an
individual or group to mobilize appropriate
resources to get others to do, refrain from things
of their likings
Power, Politics and States
National Interest is the primary aim and objectives
of every state geared to be achieved and would
disallow the derailment of it achievement

Power Assertion
Power Relativity.Intended, Unintended, Curly,
Logic
Diplomacy ability to bargain well with other state
such that ones state interest is not fully affected.
Give and Take, Compromise, political, economic and
socio-cultural diplomacy
Threat a symbol of power
A circumstance of insecurity
Ability to make other state feel fear or
To refuse other state from doing its will
Compellingforce to give up, Deterrence (Continuity
of an action might be followed by consequence)
Defensewhen compelling and deterrence fails

Continued
Success

of Threat depends on C3no

bluffing
How to Avoid Threat
Insecurity and threat leads to Military
Alliance
Isolation
Self Help

Nature of Power
Power

can manifest itself from

political, economic, socio-cultural and
technological strength
Relativity of Power among comity of
Nations (Population, size, military
hardware, soldiers
Who is a teacher and Solider

Tangibility of Power
Tangibility

of Power
(military power, resources, GDP, geographical
size, population and technology)
Intangible of Powercan influence but not
visible (national cohesion, political will,
cultural institution and integrity, prestige
and dignity, mass media (propaganda),
education (British Council Total income for
the year has increased by 14 per cent (80
million) to 645 million, compared with last
year), Secret agencies, religious institution.

Ranking and measurement of

Power
The Core state and Capital (Wealth and Power
concentration)
Great Powernuclear and conventional power (UNSC),
global influence,
Regional or Middle. Conventional military power limited to
their region
Small powerothers as no state exist without influence and
militarily containing internal order
National military Budget
(Global military expenditure in December 2009 stood at 1.5
trillion US dollars. This represents a six percent increase in
real terms over 2008. Compared to 2000, it is a 49 percent
increase
The entire UN budget--- the budget of the body charged with
maintaining global peace--- in 2009 was only 1.8 percent of
global military expenditure in that year.
It is significant that the US alone accounted for 46.5% of global
military expenditure in 2009. Swedish peace institute, SIPRI

Continued
Gross

Domestic Product (PPP)

Large military force and war (Russia and
Afghanistan) (Israel and Lebanese
Hezbollah) (United States and Vietnam)
(Britain and Argentina)Why
Democratization of weapon and foreign
interest (Black market, third worldism)
Soft Power.(mass media, culture,
education and diplomacy(Joseph Nye)
Nationalism, International Organization
(UNO platform), mass media, etc

Balance of Power

See-saw

Classical view of Balance of Power

Enemy of my enemy is my Friend
Concert of half dozen or more states allying together to offset any
aggressor state or coalitions of state
Equality of power
Alliance of power Weapon Acquisition (Arms Race, MAD)
Diplomatic strength
Polarization of the world
Institutionalization (G6-7-8-20, BRIC, SCO, EU, UNASUR Union of South
America Nations , Mercosur established in 1991 Argentina, Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay. Venezuela, APEC, ASEAN, SAARC, AU, ECOWAS

Chapter
Five

Foreign Policy
What

is International Relations
What is Foreign Policy
(a systematic plan, intention, aspiration and
ideals of any country on how to deal with its
neighbour and the world entirely)
(Set of goals which outline measures and
pattern a country would adopt in relating
with other countries)
Ideology, culture, and socio-political belief
and Foreign Policy

Why Foreign Policy

Systematic

plan to achieving aims and

objective peculiar to all institution
Short-terms and long-terms strategy
Identification of immediate aspiration,
aims and objective
Manual, Code of Conduct for relating
with others and curtailing confrontation
Maintaining good standing in Global
Politics

Role of National Interest in

Foreign Policy
National

Interest and Foreign Policy

FP tailored towards achieving best of
NI
Discontinuity, Survival of the state
and NI
National Interest, foreign policy and
Citizens
Prestige, mutual respect, and NI

What Does a State wants to

Achieve through its FP
International

Prestige and honour, analogy

of individual respect
Achievement of NI
FP a lobbying strategy for political,
economic and diplomatic opportunity
Moving among likeminded.cooperation
and help (Democratic FP and other states)
FP and Alliance, protection
FP, systematic and aggressive short and
long term plans
FP and international Reactions

Do we Need Research in Foreign

Policy

International Relations a vast Subject for Research

Further Understanding of nature and behaviours of
state
Reasons for change of intentions and behaviours,
present, past and possible future action
Similarities and Dissimilates
Sharpening World View, predict the future,
interpretation of facts for present comprehension
Making Best Decisions and reduction of mistakes
Knowing the effectiveness of government Institutions
and non state actors
Understanding others from their point of view and
ability to see alternatives, molding behaviours
according to international norms

Rational Choice Theory and

Foreign Policy Making
Ranking and Value Maximization (cost
and benefit)
Rational decision making of state goes:
1. Identification of Problem or issue to solve
2. Goal Setting and Ranking
3. Consideration of Options
4. Assessment of Consequences
Value Maximization
Political Culture, Socialization and Public
Opinion
Predicting States Foreign Policy