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Sentence Structure
English Syntax
Phrases
Clauses
A clause is a subject / verb combination. Clauses can be dependent
or independent (More explanation on this later) First, lets
practice distinguishing phrases and clauses. Determine which of the
examples are phrases and which are clauses.
Clauses
Clauses
There are two types of clauses: independent and
dependent. An independent clause, or main clause, is a
subject/verb combination that makes a complete
sentence. A dependent clause cannot stand alone, and
must be attached to an independent clause.
In the following sentence, which one is the main clause?
Example 1: As soon as I woke up, I made the
coffee.
If you said I made the coffee, then you are correct!
Complete Sentences
A complete sentence includes:
1. Subject (noun)
2. Verb (may need a direct object or complement)
3. Complete Thought/Idea
3. Example 1: Marcel understands the importance of
attending class regularly.
subje
ct
ver
b
ver
b
Subjects
The subject may be
A single noun
College is challenging.
A noun phrase
.
6
Verbs
of verbs,
object or
sentence
transitive
Direct Objects
A direct object is the noun that is receiving
the action of the verb.
1.Some
*We
analyzed.
We analyzed the
data.
We wrote.
3. Some verbs cannot take an object
She disappeared.
*She disappeared the
Complements
A complement is a word or words that follow the verb but
arent direct objects. Depending on the verb, some are
obligatory.
Example 1: Rufus seems.
Example 1 is not a complete sentence because the verb
requires a complement. The example should be: Rufus
Complements
There are three types of phrases that can act as
complements.
1. A noun or noun phrase
1. George
Michael is brilliant.
3. A prepositional phrase
1. George
Michael is on tour.
Types of Sentences
There are four types of sentences.
1. Simple Sentences
Roxie is a dog.
2. Compound Sentences
Simple Sentences
Simple sentences are single, independent clauses.
Subject + verb
Rufus runs.
Roxie is a dog.
Compound Sentences
Compound sentences consist of two independent
clauses that are combined with a coordinating
conjunction.
IC
, c
c
IC.
Coordinating Conjunctions
F or = because
A nd = more
information
Neither ice cream nor cookies are good
or
N
= two negative
for your health.
options
B ut = contrast I like ice cream, but I dont like
O r
Y et
So
cake.
= alternativeI could eat ice cream, or I could eat
carrots.
= contrast I could carrots, yet I wouldnt feel
happy.
I will eat ice cream, so I can feel
=result/consequence
happy.
1.
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9.