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ON YOUR
CLOTHES
VIRUS IN
YOUR
NOSE
Bacteria
Structure
Prokaryotic
Bacteria cells
are usually
much smaller
than plant and
animal cells
and do not
contain as
many internal
structures.
Bacteria cells
contain cytoplasm
surrounded by a
cell membrane and
a cell wall.
Its hereditary
material is found in
the cytoplasm.
Some bacteria have a thick, gellike capsule around the cell wall
to protect it.
Let's review
what we know
about bacteria.
Archaebacteria
and
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Most bacteria
are beneficial.
All bacteria
that cause
known
diseases are
eubacteria.
There are
three major
shapes of
bacteria.
Streptococcus
(strep throat)
Staphylococci
(responsible for
"staph" infections
and gangrene)
i
c
c
Co
i
l
l
i
c
Ba
Treponema
pallidumcho
lera
(syphilis)
Borrelia
burgdorferi
(Lyme la
l
i
r
i
p
Sdisease)
Bacteria are
often found
in groups
or colonies.
Bacterial
Colony Types
Streptococcus
Streptococcus: chains of
nearly spherical bacteria.
acillu
s
hl o
co c
cus
Othe
r way
s
to cla
s
and i sify
denti
fy
bacte
ria...
Gram stain
Some cell walls change colors when stained and other cell
walls do not. The bacteria that have the stained cell walls
are called Gram positive (have much peptidoglycan in cell
walls). The bacteria with cell walls that do not stain are
called Gram negative (no peptidoglycan). Doctors
regularly use gram staining to select the proper antibiotic
to treat bacterial infections.
How
do
bacte
r
ia
repro
duce?
*SmartNotebook video
Conjugation
Bacteria dividing
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
Bact
eria
and
y o ur
He a l
th
Bacteria doesnt
just make you
sick, it can also
keep you
healthy. You
cannot survive
without some
bacteria living in
or on your body.
(Ex: E. coli in
digestive tract)
produce
chemicals
called
antibiotics that
limit the growth
of other
bacteria.
Overuse of
antibiotics has
led to more
resistant
bacteria.
Pathogen
Bacteria that cause disease are
called pathogens.
A vaccine is made from a
deadened or weakenend version
of a virus or bacterium.
Immunization with certain
vaccines can prevent other
bacterial diseases.
Toxins
Botulism is a
type of food
poisoning that
is the result of
a toxin
produced by
bacteria
whose
endospores
can survive in
canned food.
Bacteria
and
Industry
Food made
with bacteria
Cheeses, buttermilk,
chocolate, vinegar,
sauerkraut
Pasteurization is a process
that is used to kill most
harmful bacteria and lengthen
the time foods can be stored
without spoiling.
Quiz time!
Courtesy of:
At any given
time you have
about a billion
bacteria on
every tooth in
your mouth.
True.
Warm and moist, your
mouth is a breeding
ground for bacteria.
Some of these bacteria
feed on bits of food
trapped between the
teeth. Immediately after
brushing you still have
up to a hundred
thousand bacteria living
on each tooth!
False.
Swampy areas are filled
with wet, rotting vegetation.
Plants rot as bacteria feed
on them. In the process of
feeding in these watery
areas where there is very
little air, bacteria known as
methanogens produce a
number of gasesincluding
methane and sulfides, which
smell like rotten eggs.
Art by Scott Angle
False.
Of the thousands of
species of bacteria, only a
handful make people ill.
The rod-shaped bacteria
above cause bubonic
plague, a disease that is
carried by rodents and
fleas. Bubonic plague kills
about 1,500 people a year
Photograph by CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
worldwide. This bacteria
tends to get more
attention than the more
common good bacteria.
True.
Scientists have
discovered that several
kinds of bacteria can live
on a diet of oil. Now if an
oil pipe leaks, spilling its
contents on the ground,
cleanup crews know how
to deal with the mess.
They cart in bacteria-rich
soil and pile it onto the
contaminated site. Then
they sit back and let the
bacteria eat the oil up!
Bacteria
dont often
reproduce.
False.
Bacteria reproduce by
dividing, some
lickety-splitting in
half once every 12 to
20 minutes. At that
rate, one bacterium
can produce billions of
offspring in a day.
Le
t's
BA
ma
CT
ER ke
IA!
e
r
u
t
c
u
r
t
S
l
a
r
Vi
Is a Virus Alive?
Viral Structure
ALL Viruses
consist of:
segments of
a nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA)
contained in
a protein
coat
Structure of Adenovirus
Causes Respiratory Diseases
Envelope
Glycoprotein
s
Structure of Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a virus that
infects a bacteria.
Bacteriophage Attacking
Cell
Structure of HIV
Causes AIDS
s
e
s
u
r
i
v
o
d
How
?
e
c
u
d
o
r
p
re
Viral Reproduction
Viruses lack enzymes and structures to make
proteins (no ribosomes).
Therefore viruses, depend on living cells to replicate
and use the energy of the host cell to carry out
reproductive processes.
They enter a cell by:
injecting their genetic material into the cell
slipping through tears in a plant cell wall
binding to molecules on the cell surface and
triggering endocytosis (cell engulfment)
2 Viral Pathways
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.
php?storyId=114075029&sc=nl&cc=es-2009112
9
HIV Infection
1)A glycoprotein
on HIV
attaches to
the CD4
receptor on a
cell.
2) A second HIV
glycoprotein
attaches to
the CCR5
receptor on
the cell.
HIV infects cells called macrophages in your