Week 2 Slides - 15 (FINANCE1)

WEEK 2: ORGANIZING
AND VISUALIZING DATA

BUSS1020
BUSS1020
Quantitative
Business
Analysis
1
BUSS1020
2
http://visual.ly/nachos-101
http://visual.ly/power-infographics
BUSS1020
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
In this section you will learn:
To construct tables and charts to visualize and
organise numerical data
To construct tables and charts to visualize and
organise categorical data
The principles of properly presenting summarized
data and graphs
Text pages 37-107

Focus is on structured data
BUSS1020
AGENDA
Introduction
Categorical Data
Organising One Variable Categorical Data
Visualising One Variable Categorical Data
Organising Two Variable Categorical Data
Visualising Two Variable Categorical Data
Numerical Data
Organising Numerical Data
Visualising One Variable Numerical Data
Visualising Two Variable Numerical Data
Principles of Graphical Excellence
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
BUSS1020
BUSS1020
ORGANISING AND
VISUALISING DATA
Data is organised and visualized so as to
reveal, glean insight from and communicate
the information,
especially the main features and patterns,
that are hidden within it.
First step: find the story in the data
Last step: communicate the story, well
BUSS1020
DCOVA
ORGANIZING CATEGORICAL
DATA: TABLES
Categorical
Data
Tallying Data
One
Categorical
Variable
Summary
Table
Two
Categorical
Variables
Contingency
Table
BUSS1020
SUMMARY TABLE
A summary table indicates the frequency, amount,
percentage or proportion of items in each of a set of categories
This allows you to see:
the relative frequency of each category
the differences between the categories
A Survey of 1000 Bank Customers:
Banking Preference?
ATM
Telephone
Percent
16%
2%
Drive-through service at branch
17%
In person at branch
41%
Internet
24%
Should the bank stop telephone banking?

BUSS1020
FIDELITY INVESTMENTS
Once considered stopping its bill-paying
service for customers
The service was losing money and used by
very few customers
However, an analysis of their customer
database showed that those using this service
were among the most loyal and the most
profitable customers.
Fidelity retained the service, so as not to lose
those customers who contributed enormously
to their profit margin.
BUSS1020
10
BUSS1020
11
SUMMARY TABLE
Summary table for
Retirement Fund data: Type
Frequency table results for Type:
Count = 316
Type
Growth
Value
Frequency
227
89
Percent of Total
71.8
28.2
Retirement Funds.xlsx
BUSS1020
12
SUMMARY TABLE
Frequency table results for Risk:
Count = 316
Risk
Frequency
Low
Average
High
What type and
Percent of
Total
212
67.1
91
28.8
13
4.1
scale is Risk?
Cumulative
Percent of
Total
67.1
95.9
100 Funds.xlsx
Retirement
Why did I add a Cumulative column?

BUSS1020
13
AGENDA
Introduction
Categorical Data
Numerical Data
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
BUSS1020
14
VISUALIZING
CATEGORICAL DATA (1
VAR)
DCOVA
Chap 2, section 3, pg 53
Categorical
Data
Visualizing Data
Contingency
Table For Two
Variables
Summary
Table For
One
Variable
Bar
Chart
Pareto
Chart
Side-By-Side
Bar Chart
Pie Chart
BUSS1020
15
VISUALIZING CATEGORICAL DATA:

THE BAR CHART
One bar for each category, bar length
represents the amount, frequency or
percentage of values in that category
Banking
Preference?
ATM
%
16%
Automated or
live
telephone
2%
Drive-through
service at
branch
17%
In person at
branch
41%
Internet
24%
BUSS1020
16
Retirement Fund data
Percentage of Fund Type
Frequency of Risk level
BUSS1020
17
VISUALIZING CATEGORICAL DATA:Chap 2 pg 54

THE PIE CHART
A shaded circle with one slice for each category. Slice size represents the
percentage in each category.
Banking Preference?
ATM
Automated or live
telephone
%
16%
2%
Drive-through service at
branch
17%
In person at branch
41%
Internet
24%
BUSS1020
18
Retirement Fund data
Percentages of Risk level
Frequency of Risk level
BUSS1020
19
VISUALIZING
CATEGORICAL DATA:
THE PARETO CHART
Chap 2, section 3, pg 55
For categorical, nominal scale data
Vertical bar chart, categories shown in

descending order of frequency
A cumulative polygon is also shown
Separates the vital few from the trivial
many
Not available in STATCRUNCH!
See pg 92 Berenson for Excel instructions
BUSS1020
20
Chap 2 pg 57
THE PARETO CHART

Incomplete ATM transactions
100.00%
100.00%
90.00%
90.00%
80.00%
80.00%
70.00%
70.00%
60.00%
60.00%
50.00%
50.00%
40.00%
40.00%
30.00%
30.00%
20.00%
20.00%
10.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0.00%
BUSS1020
21
AGENDA
Introduction
Categorical Data
Numerical Data
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
BUSS1020
22
DCOVA
ORGANIZING CATEGORICAL DATA:

TABLES
Categorical
Data
Tallying Data
One
Categorical
Variable
Summary
Table
Two
Categorical
Variables
Contingency
Table
BUSS1020
23
DCOVA
CONTINGENCY TABLE
Can show pattern or relationship between
two or more categorical variables
Cross tabulates or tallies jointly the responses

of the categorical variables
BUSS1020
24
CONTINGENCY TABLE
Contingency table for
Retirement Fund data: Type vs Risk
Contingency table results:
Rows: Type
Columns: Risk
Growth
Value
Total
Average
74
17
91
High
10
3
13
Low
143
69
212
Total
227
89
316
Is there a pattern or relationship?

If so, what is it?
BUSS1020
25
Contingency table results:

Rows: Type
Columns: Risk
Growth
Row %
Is there a pattern or relationship?

If so, what is it?
Average
High
Low
Total
74
10
143
227
(32.6%) Cell
(4.41%)
(63%)
(100%)
format
(81.32%) (76.92%) (67.45%) (71.84%)
Count
Column %
(Row percent)
Value
(Column percent)
17
3
69
89
(19.1%) (3.37%) (77.53%)
(100%)
(18.68%) (23.08%) (32.55%) (28.16%)
Total
91
(28.8%)
(100%)
13
212
(4.11%) (67.09%)
(100%)
(100%)
316
(100%)
(100%)
BUSS1020
26
PIVOT TABLE CONTINGENCY

TABLE FOR BOND DATA
Fund
Number
FN-1
FN-2
FN-3
FN-4
FN-5
FN-6
Type
Intermediate
Government
Intermediate
Government
Intermediate
Government
Intermediate
Government
Intermediate
Government
Intermediate
Government
Assets Fees
Expense
Ratio
Return
2009
3-Year
Return
5-Year
Return
7268.1No
0.45
6.9
6.9
475.1No
0.50
9.8
7.5
Risk
Below
5.5 average
Below
6.1 average
193.0No
0.71
6.3
7.0
5.6Average
18603.5No
.13
5.4
6.6
5.5Average
142.6No
0.60
5.9
6.7
5.4Average
1401.6No
0.54
5.7
6.4
6.2Average
BUSS1020
27
CAN EASILY CONVERT TO AN

OVERALL PERCENTAGES TABLE
Intermediate government funds are much more

likely to charge a fee.
BUSS1020
28
EASILY ADD VARIABLES

TO AN EXISTING TABLE
Is the pattern of risk the same for all combinations of

fund type and fee charge?
BUSS1020
29
Chap 2-29
AGENDA
Introduction
Categorical Data
Numerical Data
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
BUSS1020
30
VISUALIZING
CATEGORICAL DATA (2
VAR)
DCOVA
Chap 2 Sect 3 pg 57
Categorical
Data
Visualizing Data
Contingency
Table For
Two
Variables
Summary
Table For One
Variable
Bar
Chart
Pareto
Chart
Side-By-Side
Bar Chart
Pie Chart
BUSS1020
31
VISUALIZING
CATEGORICAL DATA:
SIDE-BY-SIDE BAR
The side by side bar chart represents the data
CHARTS
from a contingency table.
No
Errors
Errors
Total
Small
Amount
50.75%
30.77%
47.50%
Medium
Amount
29.85%
61.54%
35.00%
Large
Amount
19.40%
7.69%
17.50%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
Invoice Size Split Out By Errors & No Errors

Errors
No Errors
0.0% 10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%
Small Medium Large
Invoices with errors are much more likely

to be of
medium size (61.54% vs 30.77% and BUSS1020
7.69%)
32
Risk level vs Fund Type
BUSS1020
33
BUSS1020
34
BUSS1020
35
BUSS1020
36
PIE CHARTS VS BAR

CHARTS
Which is best?
When should each be used?
What properties make a good or bad pie
chart and/or bar chart
http://www.perceptualedge.com/examples.ph
p
BUSS1020
37
www.sharebuilder.com
What issues can you see with this plot?
http://www.perceptualedge.com/example12.php
BUSS1020
38
Is this better?
Why?
Good points?
Negatives?
BUSS1020
39
http://flowingdata.com/2012/06/15/what-3-d-pie-charts-are-good-for/
BUSS1020
40
SOME PRINCIPLES OF
GRAPHING
Maximise message; minimise noise
Include a title and label axes
Include a reference to the source
Keep things in correct proportions
Visualize This by Nathan Yau
BUSS1020
41
BUSS1020
42
HOW DO CATEGORY
PROPORTIONS CHANGE?
Over time
Spatially
Interactive graphics
BUSS1020
43
SPATIAL HEAT MAPS
BUSS1020
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/10/02/us/uninsured-americans-map.html?_r=0
44
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/13/upshot/where-people-in-each-state-were-born.html?abt=0002&abg
=0
CATEGORIES OVER TIME
BUSS1020
45
SOCRATIVE QUESTION
ON THIS PLOT
https://b.socrative.com
Room:9633CA5F
BUSS1020
46
SOCRATIVE QUESTION
ON THIS PLOT
https://b.socrative.com
BUSS1020
47
Room:9633CA5F
AGENDA
Introduction
Categorical Data
Numerical Data
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
BUSS1020
48
TABLES FOR
ORGANIZING
NUMERICAL DATA
DCOVA
Chap 2 pg 44 - 51
Numerical
Data
Ordered Array
Frequency
Distributions
Cumulative
Distributions
BUSS1020
49
ORGANIZING NUMERICAL DATA:

ORDERED ARRAY
Chap 2 pg 44
An ordered array is a sequence of data, in rank

order, from the smallest to the largest value.
Shows range: i.e. minimum to maximum value
May help identify outliers
Age of
Day Students
Surveyed Uni
16
17
Students
19
22
19
25
17
20
27
18
20
32
18
21
38
18
22
42
19
32
19
33
20
41
21
45
Night Students
18
23
18
28
BUSS1020
50
ORGANIZING
NUMERICAL DATA:
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
A frequency distribution is a summary table:
Chap 2 pg 45
data are arranged into numerically ordered classes.

An appropriate number of class groupings, a
suitable width of a class grouping, and the
boundaries of each class grouping need to be
chosen.
The number of class groups depends on the
number of values in the data. In general, a
frequency distribution should have at least 5 but no
more than 15 classes.
To determine the width of a class interval, you
divide the range (Highest valueLowest value) of
the data by the number of class groupings desired.
BUSS1020
51
ORGANIZING
NUMERICAL DATA:
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
EXAMPLE
Example:
The Bureau of Meteorology
(BOM)
measures the rainfall (in mm.) in July 2013 for
20 Sydney suburbs:
24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13,
12, 38, 41, 43, 44, 27, 53, 27
Organize this rainfall data

BUSS1020
52
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION EXAMPLE
Sort raw data in ascending order:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53,
58
Find range: 58 - 12 = 46
Select number of classes: 5
Compute class interval (width): 10 (46/5 then round up)
Determine class boundaries (limits):
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
10
20
30
40
50
20
30
40
50
60
Compute class midpoints: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55

Count observations & assign to classes
BUSS1020
53
ORGANIZING NUMERICAL DATA:

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION EXAMPLE
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44,
46, 53, 58
Class
Frequency
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
50 - 60
Midpoints
15
25
35
45
55
Total
3
6
5
4
2
20
BUSS1020
54
RELATIVE & PERCENT FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTION EXAMPLE
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44,
46, 53, 58
Relative
Frequency
Frequenc
y
Class
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
50 - 60
Total
3
6
5
4
2
20
.15
.30
.25
.20
.10
1.00
Percentag
e
15
30
25
20
10
100
BUSS1020
55
ORGANIZING NUMERICAL DATA: CUMULATIVE

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION EXAMPLE
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44,
46, 53, 58
10 X< 20
15%
20 X< 30
45%
30 X< 40
70%
40 X< 50
90%
Cumulativ Cumulati
e
ve
Frequency Percenta
15%
3 ge
30%
25%
14
20%
18
50 X< 60
10%
Class
Frequenc Percenta
y
ge
20
BUSS1020
56
WHY USE A FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTION?
Condenses raw data into a more useful form
Allows a quick visual interpretation of the
data
Enables determination of the major
characteristics of the data, including where
the data are concentrated / clustered
BUSS1020
57
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTIONS: SOME
TIPS
Different class boundaries may provide

different pictures for the same data (especially
for smaller data sets)
Shifts in data concentration may show up
when different class boundaries are chosen
As the size of the data set increases, the
impact of alterations in the selection of class
boundaries is greatly reduced
When comparing two or more data sets with
different sample sizes, you should use either a
relative frequency or a percentage distribution
BUSS1020
58
AGENDA
Introduction
Categorical Data
Numerical Data
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
BUSS1020
59
VISUALIZING NUMERICAL DATA

BY USING GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS
DCOVA
Chap 2-60
Numerical
Data
Ordered Array
Also
Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Frequency Distributions
and
Cumulative Distributions
Histogram
(not in this unit)

Bar chart
(discrete
Polygon
Ogive
Boxplot
BUSS1020
60
HANS ROSLING
Data Visualisation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo
BUSS1020
61
ORGANIZING
NUMERICAL DATA:
HISTOGRAM
Chap 2-62
A histogram organizes data into groups

(bins); bin size reflects the percentage of
data points in each group.
Example:
The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) measures the rainfall (in mm.) in July
2011 for 20 Sydney suburbs:
24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43, 44, 27, 53, 27
BUSS1020
62
VISUALIZING NUMERICAL DATA:

THE HISTOGRAM
Relative
Frequency
Frequenc
y
Class
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
3
6
5
.15
.30
.25
Percentag
e
15
30
25
40 - 50
50 - 60
4
2
.20
.10
20
10
Total
20
1.00
100
Chap 2-63
(In a percentage
histogram the
vertical axis would
be defined to show
the percentage of
observations per
class)
BUSS1020
63
VISUALIZING
NUMERICAL DATA:
THE HISTOGRAM
Chap 2-64
A vertical bar chart of the data in a frequency

distribution is called a histogram.
In a histogram there are no gaps between adjacent
bars for continuous data. There may be gaps for
discrete data.
The class boundaries (or class midpoints) are
shown on the horizontal axis.
The vertical axis is either frequency, relative
frequency, or percentage.
The height of the bars represent the frequency,
relative frequency, or percentage when considering
identical width bins (intervals, class width).
BUSS1020
64
VISUALIZING
NUMERICAL DATA:
THE POLYGON
Chap 2-65
A percentage polygon is formed by having

the midpoint of each class represent the data
in that class and then connecting the
sequence of midpoints at their respective
class percentages.
The cumulative percentage polygon, or
ogive, displays the variable of interest along
the X axis, and the cumulative percentages
along the Y axis.
Useful when there are two or more groups to
compare.
BUSS1020
65
VISUALIZING
NUMERICAL DATA:
THE FREQUENCY
POLYGON
Class
3
6
5
4
2
10 - 20
Chap 2 pg 63
Class
Midpoin Frequency
t
15
20 - 30
25
30 - 40
35
40 - 50
45
50 - 60
55
(In a percentage polygon

the vertical axis would be
defined to show the
percentage of
observations per class)
Class Midpoints of Rainfall

BUSS1020
66
NUMERICAL DATA:
THE OGIVE
(CUMULATIVE %
POLYGON)
Class
Chap 2 pg 64
Lower
% less
class than lower
boundar boundary
y
10 - 20
0
20 - 30
15
30 - 40
45
40 - 50
70
50 - 60
90
60 - 70
100
The percentage
of observations
less than each
lower class
boundary are
plot, versus the
lower class
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lower Class Boundary
BUSS1020
67
AGENDA
Introduction
Categorical Data
Numerical Data
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
BUSS1020
68
VISUALIZING TWO
NUMERICAL VARIABLES:
THE SCATTER PLOT
Chap 2 pg 67
Data consisting of paired observations taken

from two numerical variables
One variable measured on the vertical axis;
other variable measured on the horizontal
axis
Scatter plots are used to examine possible
relationships between two numerical
variables
BUSS1020
69
SCATTER PLOT EXAMPLE

Volu
me
per
day
Cost
per
day
23
125
26
140
29
146
33
160
38
167
42
170
50
188
55
195
60
200
BUSS1020
70
CEO-compensation.txt Ex 2.89, page 72, Berenson.

CEO compensation vs company stock
return
BUSS1020
71

return
BUSS1020
72

return
BUSS1020
73
Sales vs Newspaper advertising ($000)
BUSS1020
74
VISUALIZING TWO
NUMERICAL VARIABLES:
THE TIME-SERIES PLOT
Chap 2 pg 67
Time-series plots are used to study

patterns in the values of a numeric variable
over time.
The numeric variable is measured on the

vertical axis and the time period is measured
on the horizontal axis.
Frequency of observations is often on an
issue.
BUSS1020
75
TIME SERIES PLOT

EXAMPLE
Year
Number
of
Franchise
s
1996
43
1997
54
1998
60
1999
73
2000
82
2001
95
2002
107
2003
99
2004
95
Here frequency is annual

BUSS1020
76
DAILY AORD INDEX:

1995-2013
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Number of days
4000
4500
5000
BUSS1020
77
http://flowingdata.com/2015/07/02/changing-pr
ice-of-food-items-and-horizon-graphs/
BUSS1020
78
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/05/27/technology/20100527-ap
ple.html?_r=0
BUSS1020
79
AGENDA
Introduction
Categorical Data
Numerical Data
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
DCOVA
BUSS1020
80
PRINCIPLES OF
GRAPHICAL
EXCELLENCE
Chap 2 pg 76
Every graph should:
not distort the data (story).

not contain too much chart junk or noise.
have all axes properly and clearly labelled.
contain an informative title.
be the simplest possible that tells the story.
contain the source of the data.
objectively and clearly convey the message or story in the
data.
Further:
3D graphs should have a meaningful 3rd dimension.
Usually 2D is sufficient.
The scale on the vertical axis should (usually) begin at zero.
BUSS1020
81
Which plot is
better?
83
93
BUSS1020
03 04 05
82
GRAPHICAL ERRORS:
CHART JUNK, DISTORTION
Bad Presentation
Minimum Wage
1960: $1.00
1970:
$1.60
1980:
$3.10
1990: $3.80
Good Presentation
Minimum Wage
in the US
4
2
0
1960 1970 1980 1990
BUSS1020
83
BUSS1020
84
GRAPHICAL ERRORS:
NO RELATIVE BASIS
Good Presentation
Bad Presentation
HDs received
by students.
Freq.
HDs received
by students.
30%
300
200
20%
100
10%
0%
Y1
Y2
Y3
HO
Y1
Y2
Y3
HO
Y1=First Year, Y2=Second Year, Y3=Third Year,

HO=Honours
Source: University of Sydney Business School
BUSS1020
85
GRAPHICAL ERRORS:
COMPRESSING THE VERTICAL AXIS
Bad Presentation
Good Presentation
Quarterly Sales
200
Quarterly Sales
50
100
25
0
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
BUSS1020
86
SUMMARY
Introduction
Categorical Data
Organising One Variable
Categorical Data:
Summary Tables
Visualising One Variable

Categorical Data:
Bar Charts, Pie Charts, Pareto
Charts
Organising Two Variable

Categorical Data
Contingency Tables
Visualising Two Variable

Categorical Data
Numerical Data

Ordered Arrays, Frequency
Distributions, Cumulative
Distributions
Visualising One Variable

Numerical Data
Histograms, Polygons, Bar
Charts, Ogives
Visualising Two Variable

Numerical Data
Scatter Plots, Time Series
Side-By-Side Charts, Time Series,

Spatial Charts, 3-D Charts
BUSS1020
87

Week 2 Slides - 15 (FINANCE1)

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Week 2 Slides - 15 (FINANCE1)

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

WEEK 2: ORGANIZING

AND VISUALIZING DATA

Text pages 37-107

Principles of Graphical Excellence

A Survey of 1000 Bank Customers:

Drive-through service at branch

Should the bank stop telephone banking?

Why did I add a Cumulative column?

Principles of Graphical Excellence

VISUALIZING CATEGORICAL DATA:

Retirement Fund data

Percentage of Fund Type

Frequency of Risk level

VISUALIZING CATEGORICAL DATA:Chap 2 pg 54

Retirement Fund data

Percentages of Risk level

Frequency of Risk level

For categorical, nominal scale data

Vertical bar chart, categories shown in

THE PARETO CHART

Principles of Graphical Excellence

ORGANIZING CATEGORICAL DATA:

Cross tabulates or tallies jointly the responses

Is there a pattern or relationship?

Contingency table results:

Is there a pattern or relationship?

PIVOT TABLE CONTINGENCY

CAN EASILY CONVERT TO AN

Intermediate government funds are much more

EASILY ADD VARIABLES

Is the pattern of risk the same for all combinations of

Principles of Graphical Excellence

Invoice Size Split Out By Errors & No Errors

Invoices with errors are much more likely

Risk level vs Fund Type

Risk level vs Fund Type

Risk level vs Fund Type

Risk level vs Fund Type

PIE CHARTS VS BAR

What issues can you see with this plot?

Visualize This by Nathan Yau

SPATIAL HEAT MAPS

CATEGORIES OVER TIME

Principles of Graphical Excellence

ORGANIZING NUMERICAL DATA:

An ordered array is a sequence of data, in rank

data are arranged into numerically ordered classes.

Organize this rainfall data

Compute class midpoints: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55

ORGANIZING NUMERICAL DATA:

RELATIVE & PERCENT FREQUENCY

ORGANIZING NUMERICAL DATA: CUMULATIVE

WHY USE A FREQUENCY

Different class boundaries may provide

Principles of Graphical Excellence

VISUALIZING NUMERICAL DATA

(not in this unit)

A histogram organizes data into groups

VISUALIZING NUMERICAL DATA:

A vertical bar chart of the data in a frequency

A percentage polygon is formed by having

(In a percentage polygon