TRANSFORMERS

MARK LEAKEY
KOK WAI, WONG
WAN HAZLIN ZAINI

Reference : http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/images/transformer2.jpg

DEFINITION
Device used to transfer energy from
primary winding to secondary winding
by electromagnetic induction.
Based on Faradays Law of induction

Where:-

EMF (V)
B Magnetic flux (Wb)

TRANSFORMER USES
Impedance matching
Electrical Isolation
AC power transmission
STEP-UP

Transformer

STEP-DOWN

Transformer

HISTORY
1831 Michael Faraday invented the
Induction Ring.
1881 Lucien Gaulard and John Gibbs
exhibited a device called secondary
generator.
1885 William Stanley developed the fist
commercially used practical device while
working for Westinghouse Electric
Company in US.

INDUCTION THEORY
Transformers behaviour is based
on Faradays Law of Induction

Where:-

EMF (V)
N No of turns of wire

B Magnetic flux (Wb)

INDUCTION THEORY

Reference: http://www.tpub.com/doeelecscience/electrical
%20science2_files/image1053.jpg

TRANSFORMER MODELS
Ideal Transformer
ip(t)

Np

Ns

is(t)

+
Vp(t)

Vs(t)
-

Np = No of windings on the primary Ns = No of windings on the secondary

ip = Current into the primary

is = Current out from the secondary

Vp = Voltage across the primary

Vs = Voltage across the secondary

Primary and Secondary

Relationship
VP = NP = a = iS
VS
NS
iP
Note;

a < 1 = Step up transformer

a > 1 = Step down transformer

Voltage and current angles are NOT affected

hence, P = S =

LOSSES
Transformers have losses and these
losses must come into consideration.
Copper losses (I^2 R)
Leakage Flux losses
Core losses
Eddy

currents

Hysteresis

losses

REAL TRANSFORMER LOSSES

ip(t)

Lp

Rp

Vp(t)

Ls

jXm

Rc

Np

Ns

Copper losses (I^2 R)

Leakage Flux losses
Core losses
Eddy

currents
Hysteresis losses

Rs

Vs(t)

is(t)

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Leqp

Vp

Rc

Reqp

jXm

Approximate Transformer Model referred

to the primary side

Is/a

aVs

TYPES
Auto-Transformer
Used to change a desirable voltage by only a small
amount. For example: 120/132 V
IH
VSE
+

VL
-

IL

ISE
NSE
VH
NC
-

TYPES
Three Phase Transformers
Three phase transformers
can be constructed in two
different ways i.e. :1. A three phase bank consists
of three single phase
transformers.
2. Three windings wrapped
around a common core.

Reference : Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

CONNECTIONS

Delta wye ( Y)

Wye delta (Y- )

Delta delta ( )

Wye wye (Y Y)

Reference : Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman

TYPES

Two types of special purpose transformers

used in power systems for taking
measurements.
Potential Transformer
Current Transformer

Reference : Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency () is the ratio of the power out to
the power in of a transformer.
in an Ideal transformer, no power losses
PIN = VPIP cos P
POUT = VSIS cos S
PIN = POUT = VPIP cos P = VSIS cos S
SOUT = SIN = VPIP = VSIS
Ideal = 100%

Efficiency for a single phase

real transformer
As mentioned previously, losses occur in a real
transformer and these losses must be taken into
count.
Hence, Real = POUT x 100%
PIN
=
POUT
x 100%
POUT + PLOSS
=
VSIS cos S_________
VSIS cos S + i2R + (VP/a)2
RC

VOLTAGE REGULATION
Voltage regulation (VR) is the ability of a system
to provide near constant voltage over a wide
range of load conditions. Also it compares the V O
at no load to VO at full load.

An Ideal transformer has a voltage regulation,

VR = 0%

Reference : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulation