1

Endocrine

system regulates metabolic

activities help in bring out homeostasis3
Nervous & endocrine systems functions in
different way interact to modulate &
coordinate metabolic activities of body3
Secretory products/hormones secreted into: 1, 2
Blood or lymphatic circulation
Directly into intercellular space

Rich

in vascular supply, secreting cells

direct access to cappilllaries2
2

1.

2.

DUCTLESS GLANDS (pituitary

gland/hypophysis, adrenal gland,
parathyroid gland, thyroid gland,
pineal gland)2, 3
UNICELLULAR ENDOCRINE CELLS
form a diffuse endocrine system (e. g:
In GI tract, conducting airways of
lung)2, 3
4

Classic Endocrine Glands

Testes
Ovaries

Lying in sella turcica2

Produces hormones responsible for
regulating growth, reproduction &
metabolism3
Hypophysis subdivision :1, 2, 3
A. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (anterior
pituitary) epithelial component :
- Pars distalis anterior lobe
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
B. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (posterior
pituitary) nervous component :
- Pars nervosa (major part)
- Infundibular stalk
- Median eminence
Posterior lobe Pars intermedia + pars
nervosa 2
7

Figure 18.6a, b

75% of hypophysis1
Composed of cords of cells with large
sinusoidal cappilaries3
Endothelial lining of sinusoids
fenestrated fascilitates diffusion of
releasing factors & provides entry
sites for secretions3
2 kind of cells base on affinity for
dyes :1, 2, 3
1. Chromophobic cells
2. Chromophilic cells :
- Acidophilic cells
- Basophilic cells

10

 Secretory

granules stain with

histological dyes stain with acid
dyes or stain with basic dyes3

Most abundant cells in pars

distalis3
Structure :2, 3

Large, round or ovoid cells

Lage secretory granules stain
orange to red with eosin

2 KIND OF CELLS

11

o
o
o

Secretory granules stain blue with

basic dye3
Located at periphery of pars
distalis3
Consist of 3 types of cells :2, 3

12

Small, No granules2
Less cytoplasm than
chromophils Fail to color with
routine stains2, 3
Degranulated chromophilic
A reservoir of chromophilic
cells2

13

Non secretory, star shape cells

Constitute large population of pars distalis
Have long processes form gap junction
Function not clear

14

Acidophilic
cells
Chromophilic
cells

Basophilic
cells

Somatotrope cells
Mammotrope cells
Corticotropes cells
Thyrotropes cells
Gonadotropes
cells

FSH
secreting
cells
LH secreting
cells

15

Forms a sleeve, around infundibular stalk2

Longitudinally arranged cords of cuboidal to low collumnar epithelial cells separated by
sinusoids1,2, 3
Basophilic cytoplasm, small den

se granules, with lipid droplets 3

No spesific hormone secreted 2, 3

16

Rudimentary in humans, only

2% of hypophysis2
Consist of :2, 3
1.
2.
3.

Chromophobe cells
Basophil cells small granules
Colloid-containing cysts lined
by chromophobic or basophilic
cell (cuboidal cells)

Function of cells is unknown1, 2

17

Develops from a downgrowth of

hypothalamus
Macroscopically consist of :2
1. Median Eminence
2. Infudibular Stalk
3. Infundibular Process (pars nervosa)

18

 Tecnically

not endocrine

glands3
Hormones synthesized in
perikarya of neurons
supraoptic & paraventicular
nuclei in hypothalamus
pass down axon stored in
nerve terminals that form pars
nervosa2
Consist of unmyelinated nerve
fibers/axons forms
hypothalamo-hypophyseal
tract1, 2
19

Axon contain HERRING BODIES

accumulation of dense
neurosecretory granules2, 3

Pituicytes

:1, 2, 3

Scattered among nerve fibers

25% of pars nervosa
Only nuclei stain well enough
Vary in size & shape
Equivalent to neuroglial cells of
CNS supported axons in pars
nervosa
Hormones stored & released from
pars nervosa :2
- ADH / Vasopressin
- Oxytocin

20

21

A pair of flattened, triangular struct2, 3

Surrounded by thick conn. Tissue
capsule forms trabeculae
Consist of adrenal cortex & adrenal
medulla2, 3

A yellow pheripheral layer1

80-90% of organs3
Parenchyma : continous cords of
secretory cells, separated by blood
sinusoids2
22

23

Subdivided into 3 layer :1, 2

1. Outer zona glomerulosa
2. Middle zona Fasciculata
3. Inner zona reticularis

1.

Zona glomerulosa :1, 2, 3

A narrow band beneath

capsule, 15% of organs
Small Collumnar cells arranged
into arcades
Spherical, central nuclei & 1 or
2 nucleoli
Acidophilic cytoplasm SER
>>, well develop golgi comp.,
short mitochondria
24

2.

Zona Fasciculata :1, 2

Widest zone of cortex 6580% of organs
Polyhedral Cells larger than in
other 2 zone arrange in radial
collums
Spherical & centrally nuclei,
binucleate
Cytoplasm with many lipid
droplets lipid eliminated during
stainningappear vacuolated
cells called SPONGIOCYTE
Lipid droplets contain neutral fat,
fatty acids, fatty acyl esters of
cholesterol precursor for
synthesize steroid hormones
Spherical mitochondria,
extensive SER, some RER,
lysosomes

25

3.

Zona Reticularis :1, 2, 3

7% of organs
A network of irregular
anastomosing cords
Similar cells to
fasciculata except
smaller
Acidophilic cytoplasm,
contain fewer lipid
droplets
Nuclei stain more deeply
26

Hormones secreted by :1, 2

Zona glomerulosa : mineralcorticoids
primarily aldosterone
2. Zona Fasciculata : glucocorticoids cortisone
and cortisol
3. Zona reticularis : glucocorticoids cortisone
and cortisol (probably)
1.

Cells of adrenal cortex NOT store

secretory products in granules
synthesize & secrete steroid hormone
only upon demands1
27

Composed of Chromaffin cells &

sympathetic ganglionic cells3

CHROMAFFIN CELLS :1, 2

A large round or polyhedral cells
Numerous brown granules
treated with chromium salts
(chromaffin reaction)
Granules may contain
epinephrine or norepinephrine
(20% of granules), ATP,
chromogranins (binding protein),
dopamine beta hidroxylase,
enkephalins
Well develop golgi comp., some
RER, numerous mitochondria
28

Enclosed in Conn. Tissue

capsule2
Consist of :2
A. Follicles
B. Colloid a gelatinous
material inside follicle

Follicle :2

Spherical structure, vary in

diameter
Walls Simple squamous
epithelium

29

 Principal

(follicular) cells:2

Mainly form wall of follicle

Squamous to cuboidal or
collumnar, depend on activity of
thyroid
Round to ovoid nuclei, centrally
placed, 2 nucleoli
Numerous small vesicles contain
thyroglobulin
In great demand of thyroid
hormone, follicular cells extend
pseudopods into follicles to
envelop & absorb colloid
Synthesized Thyroglobulin

30

31

 Parafollicular

/ C cells:2, 3

Present

in follicular epith. in conn.

Tissue between follicles
2 or 3 times bigger than follicular
cells
Occur singly or group
Pale cytoplasm, round nucleus,
moderate RER, elongated
mitochondria
Dense secretory granules contain
calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin)

32

 Structure

:2

Surrounded by thin conn. tissue

capsule trabeculae/septa with
blood vessels,lymphatics & nerve
Parenchymal consist of epithelial
cells 2 types of cells

Contain

2 types of cells :
1. Chief (principal) cells
2. Oxyphil cells

33

34

1.

Chief (principal) cells :2, 3

More numerous
Slightly eosinophilic-stainning
Contain granules
Round & centrally placed
vesicular nuclei
Juxtanuclear golgi complex,
elongated mitochondria,
abundant RER
PreProparathyroid hormone
synthesize on ribosomes of
RER on golgi complex
become parathyroid hormone
35

2.

Oxyphil cells :2, 3

Only small part of cell
populations
Occur singly or in group
Larger than chief cells
Cytoplasm stains intensely
with eosin (acidophil)
More mitochondria,
smaller golgi app. & little
RER
Intermediate cells in
active phase of chief cells
Function unknown
36

Cover by thin conn. tissue capsule continous with

meningeal (pial) tissue septa1, 2
2 types of cells :1, 2, 3
1. Pinealocytes
2. Glial / Intertitial cells

A. Pinealocytes
Basophilic cells 2, 3
Large lobulated nuclei 1, 2
Produce melatonin & several other subtances
B.

Glial / intertitial cells :1, 2

Fewer

number than pinealocytes

Nuclei smaller & stain more deeply
Long cytoplasmic process, regarded as a form of astrocyte
37

 Corpora

adranacea (brain sand) :1, 2

Concretions found in pineal gland of humans
Irregularly shaped structures occur in capsule
& substance of gland
Consist mainly calcium carbonate &
phosphates
Increased with age, function unknown

38

39

Pancreatic islets : 2
Scattered among
pancreatic acini
Irregular, elongate masses
of pale stainning cells
In ordinary sections
homogenous population of
pale polygonal cell2
In elect. Micrograph &
special stainning :2
1.
2.
3.
4.

Alpha / A cells
Beta / B cells
Delta / D cells
PP cells
40

1.

2.

3.

Alpha cells : 2
20% of islet cells
Periphery of islets
Contain large, dense,
spherical granules
Beta cells :2
78% of islet cells
Locate near the center
of islets
Secretory granules
smaller than alpha
cells, contain small,
dense crystals
Delta & PP cells located
periphery of islets2

41

CELL TYPES

HORMONAL
SUBSTANCES

PRIMARY
FUNCTION

A (alpha)

Glucagon

Increase blood sugar

B (beta)

Insulin

Decrease blood
sugar

D (delta)

Somatostatin

Inhibitor of hormone
secretions

PP

Pancreatic
Polypeptide

Opposes action of
cholecystokinin
42

1.

2.

3.

Basic Histology Text & Atlas , 10th ed. , L. Carlos

Junquira MD, Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O.

Kelley PhD, Lange Medical Books, Mc Graw-Hill ,
1995. Pp 403 430.
Essentials of Human Histology, 2nd Edition,
William J. Krausse PhD, Little Brown &
Company (Inc), 1996. Pp 377-392
Color Textbook of Histologi, 2nd edition, Gartner
LP, Hiatt JL, WB Saunders Company,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2001. Pp 301-324
43

44