LECTURE 7

MEC 520
OCTOBER 12, 2015

Rankine Cycle Analysis

10/31/15

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

OBJECTIVES

Review Steady-State, Steady-Flow Cycle

Analysis of an Ideal Rankine Cycle
Explain how a superheater changes the Rankine
cycle model
Explain how a reheat line changes the Rankine
cycle model.
Explain how regenerative heating changes the
Rankine cycle model.

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VAPOR POWER SYSTEM MODEL

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RANKINE CYCLE
Tools
Conservation of mass
Conservation of energy (First Law)
Entropy balance (Second Law)
Thermodynamic properties

Energy balances:
For the turbine:

W
h1 h2

For the condenser:

Q&
h6 h5
&
mc.w.

Q
h2 h3

m
For the pump:

W&
h4 h3
m&
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W&P
vdP
v3 p4 p3

m& int.rev

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

For the boiler:

Q
h1 h4

m
4

WORK AROUND IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

Process 1 2 : Isentropic expansion of the fluid
through the turbine
T1 and p1 are usually given find h1 and s1 using the
superheat tables
Process 2 3 : heat flows out through the
condenser
p2 (=p3) is usually given
T2 =T3 = Tsat(p2) look up sg, sl, hg, and hl
s2=sg=s1, h2=hg, s3=sl, h3=hl
Process 3 4 : isentropic compression by pump

W cycle W T W P

Q
Q
in

Process 4 1 : heat flow into fluid in boiler

p4 =p1

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in

h1 h2 h4 h3 1 h2 h3
h1 h4

MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

h1 h4
5

NONIDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

For real processes, there is some heat

transfer with the surroundings, and thus
an increase in entropy. In the turbine
and pump, this can be quantified using
the isentropic efficiencies.
For Turbine:

W m

W m
T

real

For Pump:

P
WP

h1 h2
h1 h2 S

S
m
h4 S h3

real
m
h4 h3

But, for a real process, the inefficiencies associated with combustion are
more significant. These, however, are external to the power cycle, so are
not analyzed as part of the Rankine Cycle analysis.
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MODIFIED RANKINE CYCLE

There are several thermodynamic

enhancements that can be made to the
basic Rankine cycle power plant to
improve efficiency and increase power
production per unit of fuel.
Superheating: Heating of the fluid past a
saturated vapor and well into the superheated
region by the steam generator
Reheating: Reheating fluid after it has passed
through one turbine and then passing through
a second turbine at lower pressure.
Regeneration Feedwater Heating : use steam
bled off from the turbine to partially reheat the
condensate from the condenser.
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MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

SUPERHEAT AND REHEAT

As the temperature is raised, note that the sat.

vapor location also shifts to the left, so that when
the fluid expands through the turbine, a lower
quality of the fluid is obtained.
Net work is decreased as area under
the curve get narrower and there are
physical effects on the turbine that
involve more blade wear. It is more
desirable to have the exit quality of the
steam, x2, be above 90%
How can the cycle maintain high
boiler Pressure and Temperature
and still maintain a higher exit
quality?
Superheat the steam
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HOW IS STEAM SUPERHEATED?

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REHEATING
When Reheating is implemented, there is a multistage stage turbine (often
identified as a High Pressure and Low Pressure turbine.)
Before vapor starts to condense (reaches saturation), the vapor is sent back
to the boiler and reheated

This affects the Ideal Rankine

Cycle model because there are
additional states to determine
properties for, a second pass
through the turbine, and a second
heat exchange with the boiler.
Therefore, identify additional
properties states (1, 2, 3, and 4)

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1ST LAW EQUATIONS AS APPLIED TO THE

TURBINE AND BOILER
Turbine Reheat Equation

0 W&HP _ turbine m&(h1 h2 )

0 W&LP _ turbine m&(h3 h4 )

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Boiler Reheat Equation

0 Q&reheat m&(h2 h3 )

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REGENERATIVE FEEDWATER HEATING.

(REGENERATION)

Steam is diverted to use in a mixing chamber to preheat the condensate

prior to entering boiler. This is useful since water is typically cooled below
saturated level out of the condenser.

Note: This rerouting will diminish the net work output. The
reduction in Qboiler should be less than the reduction of Wcycle.
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OPEN FEEDWATER ANALYSIS

#2
Mass
Balance:

m 1 m 2 m 3

Often will use the term blend fraction

m 2
y
m 1

consequently,

Energy Balance: 0

#3

#1

m 3
1 y
m 1

m i hi

0 m 2 h2 m 3 h3 m 1h1 m 2 h2 m 3 h5 m 1h6
m 2
m 3
m 1
0
h2
h5 h6 yh2 1 y h5 h6
m 1
m 1
m 1

Thus:

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MEC 520 Energy Technology Thermodynamics

h6 h5
y
h2 h5
14

REGENERATIVE VAPOR POWER CYCLE

For the turbines:

W T 1
h1 h2

m
W T 2
1 y h2 h3

The change in enthalpy h of steam condensation in the

feed water heaters raises the temperature of the feed
water close to the saturation temperature of the extracted
steam.
The heat addition and heat rejected is significantly less,
resulting in increased efficiency.

For the condenser:

Q out
1 y h3 h4

m
For the pump:

W P
h7 h6 1 y h5 h4
m

For the boiler:Q

in
h1 h7

m
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EXAMPLE

An Ideal Rankine cycle with the state properties given below includes one
open feedwater heater operating at 100 psi. Saturated liquid exits the open
feedwater heater at 100 psi. The mass flow rate of steam into the first
turbine state is 1.4 x 106 lbm/hr. Determine
(a) The net power developed, in Btu/hr.
(b) The thermal efficiency.
(c) The mass flow rate of cooling water, if T
= 20F.
State

T (F)

1100

p (psi)

1600

100

100

100

1600

x
h (Btu/lbm)
s (Btu/lbm K)
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EXAMPLE

Start by finding the state properties

State 1: Using Table with T = 1100 F and p = 1600 psi, find

h1 = 1547.7
and s1 = 1.6315
State 2: Using Table with s2=s1 and p = 100 psi,
find h2 = 1210.7
State 3: Using Table with s3=s1, and p = 1 psi,
find x3 = 81.2% and then, find h3 = 911.2

State 4: Using Table with sat. liquid and p = 1 psi,

find v4 = vf = 0.01614, h4 = hf = 69.74, and s4 = sf = 0.1327
State

T (F)

1100

p (psi)

1600

100

100

100

1600

x
h (Btu/lbm)
s (Btu/lbm
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Start by finding the state properties

State 5: Using h5 - h4 =v4 (p5 - p4)
find h5 = 70.04
State 6: Using Table with sat. liq. and p = 100 psi,
find v6 = 0.01774
h6 = 298.6, and s6 = 0.4744
State 7: Using h7 - h6 =v6 (p7 - p6)
find h7 = 303.5
State

T (F)

1100
1100

p (psi)

1600
1600

100
100

100
100

100
100

1600
1600

s.h.

s.h.

0.812

0.00

liq.

0.00

liq.

h
h (Btu/lbm)
(Btu/lbm)

1547.7

1210.
7

911.2

69.74

70.04

298.6

303.5

(Btu/lbm K)
K)
ss (Btu/lbm

1.6315

1.631
5

1.6315

0.1327

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0.474
4

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Find heat in provided in boiler:

0 Q&in m&1 (h7 h1 )

then

Q&in m&1 (h1 h7 )

(1.4 106 lbm / hr )(1547.7 303.5) Btu / lbm

1.74 109 Btu / hr
State

T (F)

1100

p (psi)

1600

100

100

100

1600

s.h.

s.h.

0.812

0.00

liq.

0.00

liq.

h (Btu/lbm)

1547.7

1210.
7

911.2

69.74

70.04

298.6

303.5

s (Btu/lbm K)

1.6315

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1.631
1.6315
0.1327
MEC 520 5Energy Technology Thermodynamics

0.474
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4

Now find how the mass flow splits from the turbine

h6 h5 298.6 70.04
y

0.200c
h2 h5 1210.7 70.04
therefore:

m&2 y m&1

(0.200)(1.4 106 lbm / hr ) 0.28 10 6 lbm / hr

m&3 (1 y ) m&1 (1 0.200)(1.4 106 lbm / hr ) 1.12 106 lbm / hr

State

T (F)

1100

p (psi)

1600

100

100

100

1600

s.h.

s.h.

0.812

0.00

liq.

0.00

liq.

h (Btu/lbm)

1547.7

1210.7

911.2

69.74

70.04

298.6

303.5

s (Btu/lbm K)

1.6315

1.6315

1.6315

0.1327

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0.4744

20

Find work from turbine

0 W&turbine m&2 ( h1 h2 ) m&3 (h1 h3 )

W&turbine m&2 (h1 h2 ) m&3 (h1 h3 )
(0.28 106 lbm / hr )(1547.7 1210.7) Btu / lbm
(1.12 106 lbm / hr )(1547.7 911.2) Btu / lbm

94.36 106 712.88 106 807.24 106 Btu / hr

State

T (F)

1100

p (psi)

1600

100

100

100

1600

s.h.

s.h.

0.812

0.00

liq.

0.00

liq.

h (Btu/lbm)

1547.7

1210.7

911.2

69.74

70.04

298.6

303.5

s (Btu/lbm K)

1.6315

1.6315

1.6315

0.1327

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0.4744
21

Find heat provided to pumps:

Pump 1: 0 W&pump1 m
&3 (h4 h5 )

W&pump1 m&3 (h4 h5 )

(1.12 106 lbm / hr )(69.74 70.04) Btu / lbm 0.336 106 Btu / hr

Pump 2:

W&pump 2 m&1 (h6 h7 )

(1.4 106 lbm / hr )(298.6 303.5) Btu / lbm 6.860 106 Btu / hr
State

T (F)

1100

p (psi)

1600

100

100

100

1600

s.h.

s.h.

0.812

0.00

liq.

0.00

liq.

h (Btu/lbm)

1547.7

1210.7

911.2

69.74

70.04

298.6

303.5

s (Btu/lbm K)

1.6315

1.6315

1.6315

0.1327

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0.4744

22

Therefore the Net Work

W&net W&turbine W&pump1 W&pump 2

807.24 106 6.860 106 0.336 10 6 800.0 10 6 Btu / hr
Plant thermal efficiency:

W&net 800 106 Btu / hr

&
45.98%
6
Qin 1740 10 Btu / hr
State

T (F)

1100

p (psi)

1600

100

100

100

1600

s.h.

s.h.

0.812

0.00

liq.

0.00

liq.

h (Btu/lbm)

1547.7

1210.
7

911.2

69.74

70.04

298.6

303.5

s (Btu/lbm K)

1.6315

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1.631
1.6315
0.1327
MEC 520 5Energy Technology Thermodynamics

0.474
4
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for the condenser:

0 m&3 (h3 h4 ) mcw ( hcwIn hcwOut )

h3 h4
h3 h4
m&cw m&3
m&3
hcwIn hcwOut
cH 2 0 (TcwIn TcwOut )
(911.2 69.74) Btu / lbm
(1.4 10 lbm / hr )
58.9 106 lbm / hr
(1Btu / lbm R )( 20 R )
6

State

T (F)

1100

p (psi)

1600

100

100

100

1600

s.h.

s.h.

0.812

0.00

liq.

0.00

liq.

h (Btu/lbm)

1547.7

1210.7

911.2

69.74

70.04

298.6

303.5

s (Btu/lbm K)

1.6315

1.6315

1.6315

0.1327

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0.4744
24

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Solution:
We can see that Work of the turbine can be
found as:
Wturbine = (h1 h2) + (h3 h4)
and,
Wnet = Wt Wpump
where,
Wpump = v5(p5 p6)
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What we know;
p1= 2500 psia, T1 = 1000F
From Steam Tables we find h1 = 1457.5, s1= 1.5269
Steam expands icentropically ( so s2 = 1.5269
Were told that steam expands to reheat pressure of
500 psia so next we find enthalpy (h2) of steam at
500 psia and s2 = 1.5269 from diagram or calculator.
We find h2 = 1265.6.
Now steam exits the turbine and is sent back to the
boiler at 500 psia to be reheated back to 1000F
Thus
we find hs MEC
at 520
p3=
p2 =
500Thermodynamics
psia, T3 = 1000F27
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Energy
Technology

At p3 = 500 psia, T3 = 1000F we find h3= 1520.3 Btu/lb

and s3= s4 = 1.7371
Lastly, were told that the second turbine section discharge
steam pressure is 1 psia so, for p4 = 1 psia and
s3 = 1.7371 we find from mollier diagram or calculator that h4 =
970.5 Btu/lb
Now that we have h1, h2, h3, and h4 we can calculate turbine
work as:
Wturbine = (h1 h2) + (h3 h4) = (1457.5 1265.6) + (1520.3 970.5)
Wturbine = 741.7 Btu/lb

The next step is to find pump work (Wp) so that we can calculate
net work (Wn)
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The next step is to find pump work (Wp) so that we

can calculate net work (Wn). We saw that:
Wp = v5(p1 p6)
We find v5 as saturated water at 1 psia from sat.
steam tables as v5 = 0.01614 ft3/lb therefore,
Wp = v5(p1 p6) = 0.01614 ft3/lb(2500lb/in2 1 lb/in2)()

Wp = 7.465 Btu/lb
We can now find net work (Wn) as Wt Wn :
Wn = 741.7 Btu/lb - 7.465 Btu/lb = 734.24
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The

question asked for efficiency of the cycle which

is
th =
We find qadded (qa) as (h1 h6) + (h2 h3)
We already have h1, h2 and h3 from above as:
h1 = 1457.5 Btu/lb
h2 = 1265.6 Btu/lb
h3 = 1520.3 Btu/lb
All we need now is h6 which is h5 plus Wp. At point 5
the steam has been condensed back to a saturated
liquid at 1 psia.
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We find h5 from saturated steam tables at 1 psia as:

h5 = 69.73 Btu/lb therefore;
h6 = 69.73 Btu/lb + 7.465 Btu/lb (from above Wp) =
77.19
so now we have;
h1
h2
h3
h6

=
=
=
=

1457.5
1265.6
1520.3
77.19

Btu/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb

We can now calculated heat added (qa)

qa = (h1 h6) + (h2 h3)
MEC 520 Energy
Thermodynamics
q10/31/15
= (1457.5 - 1265.6)
+ Technology
(1520.3
- 77.19)

31

We now how everything we need to calculate

cycle efficiency. We previously saw that cycle
efficiency is:
th =

Wn = 734.24 Btu/lb
qa = 1635.01 Btu/lb
th =
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