m



 



 „


r Storage devices.
Optical drives.
Floppy disk.
Hard disk.
r Components of Hard disks.
r RAID technology.
r Levels in RAID technology.
r Summary.
 



r Some of the storage devices are as follows:

m Optical drives such as floppy disks,CD/DVD Rom

m Hard disks.
Ì 


FLOPPY DISK
„

 `


r Hard disk is an organization of data on the platters.
r It shows where the data will be stored in each platters.
r They are specified by numerical values such as:
S Heads.
S Cylinders.
S Sectors per track.
S Write precompensation.
S Landing Zone.
 „

c Platters and Media

c Read/Write Heads

c Head Sliders, Arms and

Actuator

c Spindle Motor

c Connectors and Jumpers

c Logic Board

c Integrated Cache



 

r SCSI Hard disk.
r SATA Hard disk.
r IDE(ATA/PATA).
 




r IDE is older type of Hard disk . It is also called ATA/PATA hard disk.
Some of the IDE hard disk are as follows:
r 
r  
 


r 
r 
r   !
r   "
r #$
 ## #
r %
r &' 
 
 
r SATA is latest technology that
is replaced by PATA/ATA
hard disk.
r SATA has several advantages
over PATA they are as follows:
m Superior cabling and
connectors.
m Higher bandwidth.
m Greater reliability.
 „ „ 




r These hard disks are used in
workstations and servers
because of following
advantages:

m Improved performance
over IDE and SATA in
multitasking and
multiuser environment.

m Ability to dairy chain

many drivers on computer.
 
 
!



r RAID is the method in which information is spread

across several hard disk and maximize the ability to
recover information in case of hard disk crash.
 
" 

  
i. Mirroring refers to copying of data to multiple hard
disks.
ii. Striping refers to splitting of data across multiple
hard disks.
iii. Error correction refers to detecting hard disk failures
and recovering from the failures. Error detection is
done by parity checking .
 





 #$
r RAID 0
r RAID 1
r RAID 3
r RAID 4
r RAID 5
r RAID 6
r RAID 10
r RAID 53
 %

S RAID 0 level specifies data

stripping.
S It means that data will split up
into several smaller
parts without any parity.

It requires minimum 2 number of

hard disks to operate.

RAID 0 level provides good

performance over single disk
storage.
 &

à Specifies data
Mirroring(same copy of
data in all hard disks) but
without any parity.
à This means data is copied
to multiple disk but there
is no error correction of
RAID1 level like RAID 0
level also requires at least
two hard disk drivers.
 '

 #

S RAID 2 level suggests
data is split across
multiple hard disk with
parity bit is stored in the
same hard disk . If any
data is lost then we can
recover disk.
S If any data is lost then we
can recover the whole
data with the help of
parity bit.
S Minimum 2 HDD is
required
 (

r RAID 3 level specifies

data stripping with
dedicated parity disk .
This means RAID 3
level generates parity
and dedicated one of
its hard disk drive for
storing the parity
information.
r Minimum 3 HDD is
required for building
RAID3 level .
($) 
r Exit Hamming Code, ÷


Enter XOR (e÷clusive ) ÷


ô ô ô
r XOR in Action: ô
ôô XOR ôô = ôô ô
ô
If (((( XOR ôô = ôô,
Then ôô XOR ôô = (((( = ôô
Thus we can use XOR results to recover lost data
($*„

)
 )

r High Read/Write r Transaction rate slowed
Transfer Rates by Parity Disk
r Disk failures donǯt slow r Complex Controller
the system Design
r Low Ratio of Data Disks r Software
to Parity Disks Implementation
r Resource Intensive
($+

r Video Production

r High-end Video and Image Editing

r Other uses that require high throughput of data

 ,

r RAID 4 level is similar to

RAID 3 except with a
difference . The
difference is that :
mIn RAID 3 we stripes
data one byte at time.
mWhereas RAID 4 strips
data in blocks.
,$+

)
 )

r Very high read rates r Very slow write rates
r Multiple files read at once r Even small writes fill up
parity write queue
&
 r Inefficient data recovery
r Web Servers, and other r Even more Complex
high read, low write Controller Design than
situations RAID 3

*Has most of the other Advantages and Disadvantages of RAID 3

 -

r RAID 5 took all the advantages from RAID 0-RAID 4

and build up this technology . The advantages are as
follows:
m RAID 0-Stripping.
m RAID 1-Mirroring.
m RAID 2-Stripping bit level parity.
m RAID 3-Stripping with dedicated parity.
m RAID 4-Block level parity.
Therefore , RAID 5 level has got highest popularity as it uses
all the level and it is used widely.
-
r Highest Read data transaction rate

r Medium Write data transaction rate

r Most complex controller design

r Used For Server Applications.

&%

Characterized by:
- each drive duplicated
- high implementation cost
&%
r Uses multiple (mirrored) RAID 1 in a single array
r Data striped across all mirrored sets
r Very high fault tolerance
r High performance rate
#



 


  

  

r The foremost advantage of using a RAID drive is that it
increases the performance and reliability of the system.
r The RAID drive is a credible example that could be used in
a server.
r The RAID increases the parity check and thus it regularly
checks for any possibility of a system crash. Disk stripping
is also a hot topic when we discuss about the RAID drives.
r The performance is much highlighting and increases a lot
when the disk stripping is done.
r The mirroring is the complete duplication of the data. Or
in the other sense the mirroring is the 100% duplication of
the data on two drives.
  

r A major disadvantage regarding the RAID drive is that
there needs to be written the drivers for a Network
Operating System (NOS).
r Hence the major fact and also the most important usage of
the RAID system is that it is essentially designed and
extensively used in a server.
r Another disadvantage regarding the RAID is that it is very
much difficult for an administrator to configure the RAID
system.
r The ability to dynamically enlarge the RAID server is also
complex process; especially for those administrators who
are the IS managers and also the LAN administrators.
  
 
'

'*  )+ ) 
*, 
-




0 No Block No 2 Fastest, but lacks data
protection.
1 Yes No 32No 2 Requires double
capacity
but fastest protected
solution.
3 No Byte Dedicated 3 Distributes each block
across disks.
4 No Block Dedicated 3 Larger blocks improve
performance. Dedicated
parity disk is potential
bottleneck.
5 No Block Distributed 3 Eliminates parity
bottleneck.
u

ANJAN KUAMR.B.
-Guided by Mr. Pintunath .