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living organisms
Explores the mechanisms involved in
Birth
Growth
Survival (healthy and disease conditions)
Reproduction
Ageing and Death
c. 469 BC 399 BC
Hippocrates
c. 460 BC c. 370 BC
Plato
423 BC 347 BC
Aristotle
384 BC 322 BC
Galen of Pergamon (Galen)
129 c.200 AD
Ibn al-Nafis
1213 - ?
Leonardo da Vinci
1452 1519
Michelangelo
1475 1564
Andreas Vesalius
1514 1564
William Harvey
1578 1657
Fundamentals of
Physiology
Important principles that drive most of the
physiological processes
Concentration gradient
Pressure gradient
Electrochemical gradient
Conformational changes
Homeostasis
Homeostasis maintenance of nearly constant
Homeostasis
steady-state conditions
Intracellular 2/3rd
Extracellular 1/3rd
Interstitial fluid
(80%)
(tissue fluid)
Transcellular
Synovial
Peritoneal
Pericardial
Intraocular
Cerebrospinal
Tissues
Tissue - an aggregation of similarly
Connective tissue
1. Develop from the embryonic mesoderm
2. A material made up of fibers forming a framework
Functions of
CT
Connection of body tissues (cohesion)
Binds organs together, hold organs in place, cushions them,
fills space.
Provides structural framework for the body
Storehouse of salts, minerals and fats (energy)
Major contributor to the homeostatic mechanisms of the
body
Protection of organs, repair from injuries
Connective tissues
Collagen Type I fibers
Courtesy
Color atlas of cytology, histology and microscopic anatomy (Kuehnel W. 2002)
Elastic fibers
Elastic fibers - Aorta
Courtesy
Color atlas of cytology, histology and microscopic anatomy (Kuehnel W. 2002)
Reticular fibers
Epithelial tissue
Definition:
Membranous tissue covering internal organs and other
tissue)
Two types of epithelial tissue
Lining epithelium
Glandular epithelium
Basement membrane
Epithelial
Single-Layered Squamous
Epithelium Posterior
Epithelium of the Cornea
Single-Layered Squamous
EpitheliumPeritoneum
Serosa
Single-Layered Cuboidal
Epithelium Renal Papilla
Columnar epithelium
Intestines
Courtesy
Color atlas of cytology, histology and microscopic anatomy (Kuehnel W. 2002)
MicrovilliUterus
Kinocilia Uterus
Transitional EpitheliumUrothelium
Urinary Bladder
Courtesy
Color atlas of cytology, histology and microscopic anatomy (Kuehnel W. 2002)
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Nervous Tissue
Definition:
The material that makes up the brain, spinal cord
and network of nerves around the body.
Rett Syndrome
Muscle
Tissue
Definition:
The substance of muscle, consisting of muscle
fibers, muscle cells, connective tissue, and
extracellular material.
A tissue composed of fibers capable of
contracting to effect bodily movement.
An extremely elastic, vascular connective tissue
that can shorten or elongate to effect movement
Smooth
No striations
Cardiac
Only found in heart
Striated
One nucleus per cell.
Short, branched, and interconnected to form a continuous fabric.
Contains intercalated discs that couple adjacent cells mechanically
and electrically.
Stimulation of one myocardial cell results in stimulation of all other
cells (wholehearted contraction).
Striated Muscle
Courtesy
Color atlas of cytology, histology and microscopic anatomy (Kuehnel W.
Diffusion
Passive transport
Movement of non-polar
molecules across the lipid
bilayer by simple diffusion
Movement of inorganic
molecules and water through
channel proteins by simple
diffusion
Facilitated diffusion of small
organic molecules facilitated by
carrier proteins
Diffusion gated
Channels
Charged ions such as Na+
Facilitated Diffusion
Net movement from higher to lower
concentration
No ATP requirement
Carrier mediated, e.g., glucose
transport into cells
In the unstimulated state, the carrier
protein inside vesicles
For eg., GLUT4 carrier in skeletal
muscle fuse with the plasma
membrane during exercise and insulin
simulation, inserting the carriers into
the membrane allowing passage of
glucose
Active Transport
Movement of molecules against a concentration
gradient.
Requires ATP
E.g., epithelial lining of small intestines, kidney
Two types of active transport
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport (coupled transport)
Rate of diffusion
Rate of diffusion is affected by
The magnitude of concentration differences across
the membrane
Permeability of membrane to the diffusing substance
Temperature of the solution
Surface area of the membrane
Thickness of the membrane
Osmosis
Osmosis is the net
diffusion of solutions or
solvents across a
membrane
The membrane must be
selectively permeable
Two conditions
Solute concentrations
relatively impermeable
to the solute
Molality
The amount of solute (moles), divided by the
Osmolality
Osmolality is the total molality of a solution
Regulation of
Blood Osmolality
Maintenance of plasma
strenuous exercise,
increased salt intake etc.
can increase osmolality
Drinking excessive water
reduces osmolality
Tonicity
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic