JJ205

ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :
Upon completion of this course, students should be able
to:

CLO 1. apply the principles of statics and dynamics to

solve engineering problems (C3)
CLO 2. sketch related diagram to be used in problem
solving (C3)
CLO 3. study the theory of engineering mechanics to
solve related engineering problems in group (A3)

JJ205 ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
CHAPTER 4:
STRUCTURES
CLO 1. apply the principles of statics and dynamics to
solve engineering problems (C3)
CLO 2. sketch related diagram to be used in problem
solving (C3)
Prepared by:

MOHAMAD ASYRAF BIN OTHOMAN

Reactions at Supports and Connections for a

Two-Dimensional Structure
Reactions equivalent to a
force with known line of
action.

4-5

Reactions at Supports and Connections for a

Two-Dimensional Structure
Reactions equivalent to a
force of unknown direction
and magnitude.

Reactions equivalent to a
force of unknown
direction and magnitude
and a couple.of unknown
magnitude

4-6

Trusses -Definition
Trusses are structures
composed entirely of two
force members . They
consists generally of
triangular sub-element and
are constructed and
supported so as to prevent
any motion.

Frames -Definition
Frames are structures that
always contain at least one
member acted on by forces
at three or more points.
Frames are constructed and
supported so as to prevent
any motion. Frame like
structures that are not fully
constrained are called
machines or mechanisms.

Truss
Planar Trusses - lie in a
single plane and all
applied loads must lie in
the same plane.

Truss
Space Trusses - are structures that are not
contained in a single plane and/or are loaded out
of the plane of the structure.

Truss
There are four main assumptions made in the
analysis of truss
1 Truss members are connected together at their
ends only.
2 Truss are connected together by frictionless
pins.
3 The truss structure is loaded only at the joints.
4 The weights of the members may be neglected.

Simple Truss
The basic building block of a
truss is a triangle. Large truss
are constructed by attaching
several triangles together A
new triangle can be added
truss by adding two members
and a joint. A truss
constructed in this fashion is
known as a simple truss.

Simple Truss
It has been observed that the analysis of truss
can be done by counting the number member
and joints on the truss to determine the truss is
determinate, unstable or indeterminate.

Simple Truss
A truss is analysis by using m=2*j-3, where m is
number of members, j represents the number of
joints and 3 represents the external support
reactions.

Simple Truss
If m< 2j-3, then the truss is unstable and will
collapse under load.
If m> 2j-3, then the truss has more unknowns
than know equations and is an indeterminate
structure.
If m= 2j-3, ensures that a simple plane truss is
rigid and solvable, it is neither sufficient nor
necessary to ensure that a non-simple plane truss
is rigid and solvable.

Simple Truss- Identify

Determine type of simple truss is it
determinate, indeterminate or unstable.

Method of Joints -Truss

The truss is made up of single bars, which are
either in compression, tension or no-load. The
means of solving force inside
of the truss use equilibrium
equations at a joint. This
method is known as the
method of joints.

Method of Joints -Truss

The method of joints uses the summation of
forces at a joint to solve the force in the
members. It does not use the
moment equilibrium equation
to solve the problem. In a two
dimensional set of equations,
Fx 0 Fy 0
In three dimensions,
Fz 0

Example
1

Method of Joints Example

Using the method of
joints, determine the
force in each member of
the truss.

Method of Joints Example

Draw the free body
diagram of the truss and
solve for the equations

0 Cx

0 2000 lb 1000 lb E Cy

Cx 0 lb
y

E Cy 3000 lb

Method of
Joints
Example
Solve the moment about C

0 2000 lb 24 ft 1000 lb 12 ft E 6 ft
E 10000 lb
C y 3000 lb 10000 lb 7000 lb

Method of
Joints
Example
Look at joint A
4
Fy 0 5 FAD 2000 lb
FAD 2500 lb FAD 2500 lb C
3
3
Fx 0 5 FAD FAB 5 2500 lb FAB
FAB 1500 lb FAB 1500 lb T

Method of
Joints
Example
Look at joint D
4
4
4
4
Fy 0 5 FAD 5 FDB 5 2500 lb 5 FDB
FDB 2500 lb FDB 2500 lb T
3
3
Fx 0 5 FAD 5 FDB FDE
3
3
2500 lb 2500 lb FDE
5
5
FDE 3000 lb FDE 3000 lb C

Method of
Joints
Example
Look at joint B

4
4
F

FBE 1000 lb
y
BD
5
5
4
4
2500 lb FDE 1000 lb
5
5
FDE 3750 lb FDE 3750 lb C
3
3
F

FBE FBC
x
BD
BA
5
5
3
3
2500 lb 1500 lb 3750 lb FBC
5
5
FBC 5250 lb FDE 5250 lb T

Method of
Joints
Example
Look at joint E

4
4
F

FEC 10000 lb
y
EB
5
5
4
4
3750 lb FDE 10000 lb
5
5
FEC 8750 lb FEC 8750 lb C
3
3
F

FEC
x
EB
ED
5
5
3
3
3750 lb 3000 lb FEC
5
5
FEC 8750 lb FEC 8750 lb C

Method of
Joints
Example
Look at joint C to check
the solution

4
F

FCE 7000 lb
y
5
4
8750 lb 7000 lb 0 OK!
5
3
F

FCE FCB Cx
x
5
3
8750 lb 5250 lb 0 0
5

Example
Determine
the force in each member of the truss.
2
Indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.

Solutio
n

Example 3
Determine the force in each member of the truss,
and state if the members are in tension or compression.

Solutio
n

Method of Sections -Truss

The method of joints is most effective when
the forces in all the members of a truss are to
be determined. If however, the force is only
one or a few members are needed, then the
method of sections is more efficient.

Method of Sections -Truss

If we were interested in the
force of member CE. We
can use a cutting line or
section to breakup the truss
and solve by taking the
moment about B.

Method of Sections Example

Determine the forces in members FH, GH and GI
of the roof truss.

Method of Sections Example

Draw a free body diagram and solve for the
reactions.

0 RAx

RAx 0 kN

RAx

0
L RAy 20 kN

L
RAy

Method of
Sections
Example
Solve for the
moment at A.

RAx

L
RAy

6 kN 5 m 6 kN 10 m 6 kN 15 m
1 kN 20 m 1 kN 25 m L 30 m
L 7.5 kN
RAy 12.5 kN

Method of Sections Example

Solve for the member GI. Take a cut between the
third and fourth section and draw the free-body
diagram.
lHI
8m
10 m

lHI
8 m
15 m 10 m
15 m
lHI 5.333 m
8 m
o

28.1

15 m

tan 1

Method of
Sections
Example
The free-body diagram of
the cut on the right side.

1 kN 5 m 7.5 kN 10 m FGI 5.333 m

FGI 13.13 kN FGI 13.13 kN T

Method of Sections Example

Use the line of action of the forces and take the moment
about G it will remove the FGI and FGH and shift FFH to the
perpendicular of G.

Method of
Sections
Example
Take the moment at G

1 kN 5 m 1 kN 10 m 7.5 kN 15 m
FFH cos 28.1o 8 m

FFH 13.82 kN FFH 13.82 kN C

Method of Sections Example

Use the line of action of the forces and take the moment
about L it will remove the FGI and FFH and shift FGH to
point G.
5 m
o
tan

133.2

5.333 m
1

Method of
Sections
Example
Take the moment at L
o
M

1
kN
5
m

1
kN
10
m

F
cos
43.2

GH
15 m
L

FGH 1.372 kN FGH 1.372 kN C

Method of Sections Class

Problem
Determine the forces in members CD and CE using method
of sections.