WELCOME

TO THE
SEMINAR SESSION
PRESENTING BY
ANEESH K
S5 ME
REG. NO: 13021902

ON THE TOPIC

USE, NEEDS AND

PRODUCTION OF
BIODIESEL

WHAT IS
BIODIESEL?
Biodiesel, a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of
long chain fatty acids derived from variety of
vegetable oils or animal fats, designated as B100, and
confirming to different quality standards e.g. ASTM
D 6751, EN14214 or IS 15607.

ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

Produced from renewable materials eco friendly / closed

CO2 cycle.

Local & self production less reliance on foreign oil.

Contains practically no sulfur (0.001%) non toxic.

Considerably decreases emissions (up to 50%).

Easily decomposes does not harm soil or ground water.

Biodiesel is not hazardous material (flashpoint above 110C).

Eligible as fuels under international standards & specifications

(world-wide).

Eligible for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism - Kyoto

Treaty).

CLOSED CO2 CYCLE BY BIODIESEL

BIODIESEL DRAWBACKS

Biodiesel can be corrosive to rubber materials.

Biodiesel is not necessarily more economic than

regular diesel. Depend on the plants, their related
processes and, other incentives.
Biodiesel can last up to 6 months. In 6-12 months
need to be treated.

USE OF BIODIESEL

MAJOR USE OF BIODIESEL

For running IC engine

Producing Hydrogen for Fuel-Cell Vehicles
Cleaning Up Oil Spills
Generating Electricity
Camping: Cooking and Illumination
Cleaning Up Tools and Grease
Adding Lubricity to Diesel Fuel
Removing Paint and Adhesives
Asphalt Cleanup Agent

MAJOR USE OF BIO-DIESEL

Hand Cleaner
Crop Adjuvant
Screen Printing Ink Remover
Auto Wax Remover
Corrosion Preventative
Metal Working Lubricant

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WHILE

USING BIODIESEL AS FUEL IN IC
ENGINE

Main Problems:
These

fuels are too thick.

The must be thinned to function in a diesel engine

How? By heating or a by chemical reaction (the chemical

reaction is the biodiesel production)

Problem is worse the lower the temperature

Modified engines still typically use SVO in conjunction
with diesel for start up and shut down

NEED OF
BIODIESEL

WHAT IS TODAYS NEED OF

BIODIESEL?

Energy security
Economic development
Mitigation of climate change

PRODUCTION OF
BIODIESEL

MAJOR SOURCES OF BIODIESEL

Rapeseed (Europe)
Soybean (US)
Atrophy (Africa, India)
Castor Bean (Africa, China, S. America)
Palm Oil (Tropical areas)

STEPS IN PRODUCTION OF
BIODIESEL

Extraction of vegetable oil from oilseed/crop

Tansesterification reaction for converting vegetable
oil to crude biodiesel
Washing of crude biodiesel

BIODIESEL CROPS & YIELDS

Oil Content

US
gal/acre

Liters
oil/ha

Kg
oil/ha

Crop

50% - 55%

151

1413

1188

Castor beans

70%

287

2689

2260

Coconut

12%

18

172

145

Corn (maize)

13% - 15%

35

325

273

Cotton

30% - 35%

202

1892

1590

Jatropha

35%

635

5950

5000

Palm oil

36%

113

1059

890

Peanuts

37%

127

1190

1000

Rapeseed

15%

48

446

375

Soybean

32%

102

952

800

Sunflower

METHODS FOR EXTRATION OF

VEGITABLE OIL FROM OIL SEED/CROP

Solvent

Extraction

Standard technology for facilities with daily capacities

of greater than 300 tons per day
Commonly used in conjunction with some form of
mechanical extraction

Mechanical

Extraction

Typically used for facilities with daily capacities of less

than 150 tons per day

SOLVENT EXTRACTION

The basic process:

Solvent Application

Solvent is applied to the pre-pressed material

The solvent bonds to the oil in the material

Solvent

& oil mixture is removed from the meal

The oil is then separated from the solvent which is
reused in the process

SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Benefits:
Solvent

Extraction is capable of recovering of 99% of

the oil contained in the seed
Lowest cost per ton for commercial processing

Challenges:
Large

capital investment
Not feasible for small-scale processing
Environmental concerns

MECHANICAL EXTRACTION

The basic process:

Seed

Preparation

Removal of foreign objects

Removal of seed hulls or shells for some seeds

Extraction

Seed is processed by a mechanical press

Removing 65-80% of oil contained in the seed

MECHANICAL EXTRACTION

Required Equipment
Mechanical

Press
Power source for the press
Seed Bins
Meal Bins
Oil Tanks
Pumps, Filters, Plumbing

TRANSESTIRIFICATION REACTION

It a chemical reaction to concert vegetable oil to biodiesel.

In which the vegetable oil is reacted with methanol in
the presence of a catalyst to produce bio-diesel and
glycerol

TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION
1 triglyceride + 3 alcohol

3 ester alcohol + 1 glycerine

Me

O=

O=

O=

O=
3 MeOH

Me
O

O=

Me
O

O=

HO
HO
HO

Triglyceride

Glycerol

Biodiesel
(Methyl Ester Alcohol)

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF
BIODIESEL & VEGITABLE OIL
Fats and oils have quite big
molecules with a spinal of glycerol
on which are bond three fatty acid
rests.
By the transesterification, the fatty
acid rests are removed from the
glycerol and each is bond with
methanol.
The products are one mole glycerol
and three mole of fatty acid methyl
ester.

SCHEMATIC OF THE
TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS

CATALYST

CATALYST ?

Chemical marriage brokers

The presence of a catalyst facilitates reactions that would be
kinetically impossible or very slow without a catalyst

VARIOUS CATALYSTS USED IN

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Homogenous

Base Catalysts: NaOH, KOH, NaMeO

Acid Catalysts: H SO , PTSA, MSA, H PO , CaCO
2

Typical base concentrations are :

NaOH/KOH 0.3 to 1.5 %
Na MeO 0.5 % or less
Heterogeneous

Sulfated Zeolites & Clays

Hetro-poly acids
Metal Oxides, Sulfates
Composite materials

HOMOGENEOUS VERSUS
HETEROGENEOUS
HOMOGENOUS

The catalyst, reactants and

products are all in one
phase, normally the liquid
phase.
The
reactions
proceed
over
a
intermediate complex and
are often highly selective,
but separation of the
products and the catalyst is
difficult.

HETROGENOUS

The catalyst is in one

phase, normally solid,
while the reactants and
products are in another
phase.
Separation
of
catalyst and products is
easy, but the reaction is
often
less
selective,
because
the
catalyst
material
is
not
homogeneous

LAY-OUT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

PROCESSOR

A- REACTOR
B- SEPERATOR
D- PRODUCT

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BIODIESEL

PRODUCTION

Biodiesel

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM

JATROPHA

The final product of transesterification process

is crude biodiesel
It needs a purification process to use.

WASHING OF CRUDE BIODIESEL

Water wash only (a misting of water over the fuel,

draining water off the bottom)
Air bubble wash (slow bubbling of air through the
fuel)
Air/water bubble wash (with water in the bottom of
the tank, bubbling air through water and then the fuel)

THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE

PROCESSES- BIODIESEL

WILL LOOK LIKE THIS

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS ?

Thank You all for your

precious time

BY
ANEESH K