SCENARIO 6

MOUNT SALAK DISASTER

STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
STEP 7

GROUP MEMBERS :
1. IRAWATI FAUZIAH FISKA
1210312066
2. WULAN OCTAVIANI
1210312067
3. WIRALESTIANI ALIF
4. RADHIATUL MARDIAH
5. SUHAYATRA PUTRA
6. DEBBY MULYA RAHMY
7. RUSLAN KAMIL
1210312014
8. NOPRIYANTI EKA PRATIWI
9. RADHIA ASHABUL KAHFI BEY

SCENARIO 6
SALAK MOUNT DISASTER
Suki, medical student, members of the emergency response
participated in SAR teams activities in evacuating the victims of the
Sukhoi crash tragedy at Salak mountain West Java. suki was amazed at
the DVI (disaster victim identification) team who have managed to
identify all the victims, but the victim's body was destroyed and it was
difficult to be known so that needs to be identified through DNA testing.
Suki thought biology class, one child in the chromosomes of the
father and mother, which would result in the combined chromosomes.
obtained in this chromosomal DNA strands that make up the process of
protein synthesis. suki amazed by the progress of the science of genetic
engineering, because there has been cloned sheep. Should it be done on
humans? How about the ethical? Suki has read, that because of the
advances in medical science,now, there also stem cells that used in the
treatment of degenerative diseases. how do you explain contained in the
scenario above?

TERMINOLOGY

DVI
SAR team
DNA
Emergency Response
Evacuating
Protein Synthesis
Genetic Engineering
Degenerative
Stemcell
Clone
Identification
DNA Examination

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
1) How could DVI identify the victim?
2) How is the process of DNA testing?
3) What is the structure of DNA in the human body?
4) What is contained in the DNA that can be used
to identify an individual?
5) What kind of genetic engineering?
6) what is the process of protein synthesis?
7) what is the process of cloning?
8) How can stem cells be used in degenerative
diseases traetment?
9) how about the ethics of genetic engineering?

HYPOTHESIS
1. DVI identified DNA through the
pieces of the body, then DNA was
found. There are 2 types of DNA
testing:
a. Primary: fingerprints, DNA
b. Secondary: ownership of goods
and medical records

SCHEME
KESTABILAN

REPLIKASI

DNA

STRUKTUR

RNA

FUNGSI

SINTESIS
PROTEIN

REKAYASA

JENIS

ETIKA

LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA
2. DNA STABILITY
3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RNA
4. DNA REPLICATION
5. . PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
6. GENETIC ENGINEERING
7. GENETIC ENGINEERING ETHICAL

1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA

DNA consists of two pieces of thread twisted together
polynucleotide which forms a double helix (double
helix). Model of the structure of DNA was first
proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953
in England. The structure is made based on the
results of the analysis of their X-ray diffraction photo
of DNA made by Rosalind Franklin. Because the
molecular level photographed it, then there were only
shadows and light alone. Shadows photo was
analyzed so they concluded that the DNA molecule is
a polynucleotide that twisting two threads.

Polynucleotide length of the DNA molecule

composed of nucleotide sequences. Each
nucleotide is composed of:
1. The string of sugar deoxyribose (a
pentose sugar that lost one oxygen atom)
2. Phosphoric acid cluster attached to the C
atom number 5 of sugar)
3. The string of nitrogenous bases attached
to the C atom number 1 of the sugar

The three groups are interrelated and

form the "backbone" for a very long
double helix. The structure can be
likened to the stairs, where the mother
is a sugar deoxyribose and ladder
rungs is the arrangement of nitrogen
bases. While the sugar phosphate
linking the sugar nucleotide to the next
nucleotide to form a polynucleotide.

 Nitrogen bases making up DNA consists of purine bases,

namely adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine
bases cytosine or cytosine (C) and thymine (T). Pentose
sugar and the bond between the nitrogen bases called
nucleosides. There are 4 kinds of nucleoside bases are:
1. A bond-sugar called adenosine deoksiribonukleosida
(deoksiadenosin)
2. G-sugar bond is called guanosine deoksiribonukleosida
(deoksiguanosin)
3. Association of C-sugar is called sitidin
deoksiribonukleosida (deoksisitidin)
4. T-sugar bond called thymidine deoksiribonukleosida
(deoksiribotimidin)

 DNA is made up of two pieces that spiral into

each other poinukleotida.
Nitrogen bases on one thread that had a fixed
partner with nitrogen bases on the other
thread. Adenine pairs with thymine and
guanine pairs with cytosine. Nitrogen base
pairs A and T are connected by two hydrogen
atoms (A = T). The nitrogen base pairs C and
G are connected by three hydrogen atoms (C
G). Thus, the two polynucleotide at a
mutually complementary DNA.

2. DNA STABILITY
Factors that affecting the stability of dna
1. structural stability

stacking of nucleotide bases in dna

chain
hydrophobic interactions between base
pairs of nucleotides
2. hydrogen bond
between base pairs in the double chain.
couples who have more hydrogen bonds,
as in g with c, it will be more stable

Denaturation of DNA
rupture of hydrogen bonds between
the base pairs in the double stranded
single stranded
Factor of denaturation
Temperature
dna will begin denatured at 75 C,
but will be perfectly denatured at 90
C

 pH
the higher the pH, the more easily
denatured dna
physical factors
ex : UV, infra-red, X-ray
Biological factors
ex : DNA and RNA viruses

 influence of chemicals that damage

the structure
ex : nitric acid, benzopiren, urea,
formamid
influence of alkali (base)
- deprotonation in group N from G
to C
- changes in the structure of the
keto form to form enolate
- breaking of hydrogen bonds

3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RNA

4. DNA REPLICATION

 The process of DNA multiplication

Replication involves an integrated
mechanism of enzyme and protein
And there are DNA Polymerae I, II, III
and RNA Polymerase

5. . PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS

PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS

DNA
Transcription

RNA
Translation

PROTE
IN

TRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION
INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION

TRANSLATION

PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION

nucleus
DNA template -> mRNA
codogen -> codon

TRANSLATION

ribosome
mRNA tRNA rRNA -> proteins

6. Genetic Engineering
The process to changes the gene
with the goal of getting a new
organism that has the desired
characteristic and used for a
particular purpose.
There are several kinds of genetic
engineering include recombinant
DNA, Hybridoma technology, and
nucleus transfer.

1. Recombinant DNA
That is the process of splicing DNA from one
species with DNA from other species in order to
gain new traits or to produce specific substances
Examples:
Development of Insulin
Hepatitis Vaccine Development

2. Hybridoma technology
Hybridoma technology known as cell
fusion, the fusion / fusion of two different
cells into a single entity which contains
genes from both the original cell. The cells
from the fusion are called hybridoma

3. Nucleus Transfer (Cloning)

Nuclear transfer is the process of
moving the body cell nucleus into an
ovum without a nucleus, so that the
ovum will divide and become an
embryo.
The purpose of this nuclear transfer
technology, known as therapeutic
cloning is to obtain a set of cells that
can develop further into the desired
tissue or organ (stem cell).

Stem Cell
According to the Oxford Dictionary (1999),
stem cells are undifferentiated cells derived
from multicellular organisms that can develop
into cells of one type, which will further
differentiate into a variety of other cells.
Scientists' attention today focused on two
types of stem cell, the totipotent stem cell
(TSC) and pluripotent stem cell (PSC). Both of
these stem cells have different abilities to
each other.

 TSC has the ability to deliver an

intact organism (organism cloning)
PSC has the ability to enhance the
differentiation of various cell types or
in other words able to produce a
variety of tissues or organs needed.

7. GENETIC ENGINEERING ETHICAL