Physics Investigatory project

Metal Detectors
Prepared By:
nagendra
class xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Principle of operation
Circuit diagram
BFO detector design
Advantages and Disadvantages of circuit

Application
Conclusion
Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
Metal detector is a device that can detect metal, the basics can make a sound
when it is near some metal.
Metal detectors work on the principle of transmitting a magnetic field and
analysing a return signal from the target and environment.
when some metals are coming close to the coil the amplitude of the reflective
pulse is getting little lower and a duration of the pulse a little longer.

The need for detection is very clear to protect our self from any kind of danger.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The operation of a metal detector is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Metal detectors contain one or more inductor coils. When metal is placed in a close
proximity to a varying magnetic field (generated by the coil or coils), currents are
induced in the metallic part;
These current are called eddy Currents. The eddy Currents, in turn, induce their own
magnetic field ( called eddy field).
These fields act in such a direction as to oppose that generated by the coils. The
resultant field and using a specially designed electronic circuit can indicate the type of
material being magnetized.
Here in our metal detector circuit transistor is used as a colpitts oscillator.
If we increase L1s inductance it will cause the decrease in frequency and if we decrease
this L1s inductance it will cause the increase in frequency.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Types of Metal detectors

1) Beat-frequency oscillator (BFO)
2) Pulse induction detector (PI),
3) Very Low Frequency (VLF).

BFO DETCTOR DESIGN

The basic way the beat frequency oscillator (BFO) works, when a detector coil is
above some metal, it will change the frequency in the detector oscillator, which
has the detector coil in the frequency dependent circuit. This relative simple
metal detector is not a real BFO, but it is the closest group of detectors. When
the metal is near the detector coil the signal is send to a timer pin. Internally the
calculation is made, and showed on the LED and some different sounds are
made.

cntd.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages1) Circuit diagram is very simple.
2) We can easily measure the oscillation frequency of this circuit.
3) It has some sensitivity through which it can sense the metal easily.
Disadvantages1) It has less sensitivity.
3) Instead of variable capacitor we cannot use any other capacitor for tuning purposes.

APPLICATIONs
Airport and Building Security
Metal detectors are used for airport and building security to determine whether guns,
knives, or other weapons are being transported onto aircraft or into public buildings.

 Construction Industry
Metal detectors are also used in the construction industry to locate steel
reinforcement bars embedded in concrete, and to pinpoint metal pipes and wires in
floors and walls. This is useful in avoiding unnecessary damage when replacing
plumbing or wiring in a building or house.

 Civil Engineering
In Civil Engineering, metal detector are used to locate rebar (strengthen
steel used as rod in concrete) .Rebar detectors are less sophisticated. Detectors
can only locate metallic objects below the surface.

 Land Mine Detection

Land mine detector can sense as little as 0.5 grams of metal. So, now-adays militaries are using land mine detector to identify the land mine. Military has used
metal detector to pinpoint buried land mines since world war1.

CNTD
Archaeological exploration,
Geological research &
Item recovery.

conclusion
The equipment is compact, simple in design and can be used practically anywhere needs.
This circuit may also be constructed by using chip and the chip is CS209A.

Even the detectors with good coil compensation could not always detect the smaller target
to the required depth in all lanes.
The metal detector gives a respectable range for beat frequency operation (BFO) up to
90mm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1)http://www.freesimpleelectroniccircuitdiagram.com
(2) http://www.simplemetaldetectorcircuitdiagram.com
(3) http://www.wikipedia.com
(4) http://slideshare.net

THANK YOU