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When a conductor is
heated its resistance
increases ; The atoms
vibrate more and the
electrons find it more
difficult to move
through the conductor.
But in a semiconductor
the resistance
decreases with an
increase in
temperature. Electrons
can be excited up to
the conduction band.
Conductivity increases
R
Doping
P type silicon.
N type
Replace a silicon atom with a group
5 atom such as phosphorous ( 5
valence electrons )
The extra electron introduced
here goes into the conduction band
as the valence band is full.
This is n type silicon.
N for negative as additional
electrons have been introduced
into the structure.
pn junction or diode
To be forward biased
( current flows ) the p type
must be connected to the
positive terminal of the
power supply.
pn junction
Electrons flow from the negative
terminal of the battery to the
n-type semiconductor, where they
occupy the conduction band.
The electrons then move into the
conduction band of the p-type
(there is a potential barrier here
that must be overcome)
semiconductor and fall into the
valence band. The excess energy is
released as heat energy.
Electrons then move through wire.
LEDs
Electrons flow from the negative
terminal of the battery to the ntype semiconductor, where they
occupy the conduction band.
The electrons then move into the
conduction band of the p-type
semiconductor and fall into the
valence band this releases
energy in the form of light.
The electrons then move through
the wire back to the positive
terminal of the battery, and they
re-circulate.
Photovoltaic cells
These are like leds in reverse.
Photons of light enter the cell
An electron is ejected from the
valence band in the p type producing
a hole. Charges can flow.
This electron moves up to the
conduction band
The electron moves to the conduction
band of the n type silicon.
If the cell is connected to a load the
electrons will flow around the
external circuit.