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POLLUTANTS
CATEGORISED AS;
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
not emitted directly.
Rather, they form in the air
when primary pollutants
react or interact. Exampleground level ozone - one of
the many secondary
pollutants that make up
photochemical smog.
Anthropogenic sources
(human activity)
Natural sources
Natural sources
Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of
land with little or no vegetation.
Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by
animals, for example cattle.
Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's
crust.
Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.
Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and
ash particulates.
air
Where;
V pol = partial volume occupied by the pollutants in the
mixture at total pressure P and temperature T.
V air = total volume occupied by mixture at the same P
and T
MOTOR VEHICLES
Modern society is highly dependent on motorized
transportation such as cars, trucks, and railways.
Movement of people and goods requires energy which
relies mostly on the burning of fossil fuels, thus causing
emissions and noise with adverse local effects.
The air quality of the different transport modes depends
on the kind of energy, engine technology and the
amount of energy consumed.
POWER GENERATION
Most of the energy is produced in conventional
power plants burning fossil fuels like natural gas, oil
or coal.
The effectiveness of these power plants is about
35 to 40 per cent with the remaining chemical
energy converted into heat.
At the moment, Malaysia produces 86% of its
electricity in conventional power plants and 14% in
hydroelectric power plants.
EVERYDAY ROUTINES
Household contribute to air pollution mainly
through the use of energy that is required to run
machines and electrical appliances such as
refrigerators.
Refrigerators and air conditioners not only
consume energy but they pollute the environment
when
their
coolant
fluids
release
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) into the atmosphere.
Chemicals used in houses and gardens are also
sources of pollution as well as toxic waste.
OPEN BURNING
Burning of older existing plantations for replanting creates large amounts of soot particles.
These soot particles can be blown over long
distances and are mainly responsible for the haze
that often covers the sky above Malaysia.
These fires not only pollute the air but also
destroy the rich habitat of the flora and fauna.
Control devices
The following items are commonly used as pollution
control devices by industry or transportation
devices.
They can either destroy contaminants or remove
them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted
into the atmosphere.
Particulate control
Mechanical collectors (
dust cyclones, multicyclones)
Electrostatic precipitators
Baghouses
Particulate scrubbers
Scrubbers
Scrubbers:
Air Scrubbers, Wet Scrubbers and Gas Scrubbers
Air scrubbers, wet scrubbers, and gas scrubbersare air
pollution control devices.
How do they function/work;
Use a high-energy liquid spray to remove aerosol and
gaseous pollutants from an air stream.
The gases are removed either by;
absorption or
chemical reaction.
In addition to fume and gas abatement, scrubbers may
also be used for process air cleansing and dust
collection.
Super scrubber
NOx Removal
Scrubbing Solution
NOx control
VOC abatement
Wet scrubbers
Dry scrubbers
Flue gas desulfurization
Mercury control
Smog in Cairo
Looking down from the Hollywood Hills, with Griffith Observatory on the hill
in the foreground, air pollution is visible in downtown Los Angeles on a late
afternoon.
City
169
Cairo, Egypt
150
Delhi, India
128
125
Taiyuan, China
123
Chongqing, China
109
Kanpur, India
109
Lucknow, India
104
Jakarta, Indonesia
101
Shenyang, China
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs) are of a class of
haloalkanes where not all
hydrogen has been replaced by
chlorine or fluorine.
They are used primarily as
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
substitutes, as the ozone
depleting effects are only about
10% of the CFCs.
Overview of haloalkanes
This table gives an overview of most haloalkanes in general use or commonly known. Listing includes bulk commodity products as well as laboratory chemicals.
Common/Trivial
name(s)
Systematic name
Code
Chem. formula
Halomethanes
Chloromethane
Methyl chloride
CH3Cl
Dichloromethane
Methylene chloride
CH2Cl2
Trichloromethane
Chloroform
CHCl3
Tetrachloromethane
CFC-10
Tetrafluoromethane
PFC-14
(CFC-14 and HF-14 also used, although CF4
formally incorrect)
Trichlorofluoromethane
Freon-11, R-11
CFC-11
CCl3F
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Freon-12, R-12
CFC-12
CCl2F2
CFC-13
CClF3
Chlorotrifluoromethane
CCl4
Chlorodifluoromethane
R-22
HCFC-22
CHClF2
Trifluoromethane
Fluoroform
HFC-23
CHF3
Chlorofluoromethane
Freon 31
Difluoromethane
CH2ClF
HFC-32
CH2F2
HFC-41
CH3F
Fluoromethane
Methyl fluoride
Dibromomethane
Methylene bromide
CH2Br2
Tribromomethane
Bromoform
CHBr3
Halon 1011
CH2BrCl
Bromochlorodifluoromethane
CBrClF2
Bromotrifluoromethane
CBrF3
Trifluoroiodomethane
Trifluoromethyl iodide
CF3I
Bromochloromethane
Freon 13T1
Haloethanes
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Hexachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane
CFC-110
Cl3C-CH3
C2Cl6
CFC-113
Cl2FC-CClF2
CFC-113a
Cl3C-CF3
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
CFC-114
ClF2C-CClF2
1-Chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane
Chloropentafluoroethane
CFC-115
ClF2C-CF3
HFC-124
CHFClCF3
HFC-125
CHF2CF3
HFC-134
F2HC-CHF2
HFC-134a, Suva-134a
F3C-CH2F
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane
HCFC-141b
Cl2FC-CH3
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
HCFC-142b
ClF2C-CH3
Freon 150
Freon 150a
HFC-152a
ClH2C-CH2Cl
Cl2HC-CH3
F2HC-CH3
F3C-CHF-CF3
F3C-CF2-CF2-CF3
2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane
Pentafluoroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,1-Difluoroethane
Longer haloalkanes, polymers
R-134a
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylidene dichloride
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane
Decafluorobutane
perfluorobutane
Polychloroethene
-[CHCl-CH2]x-
Polytetrafluoroethene
Polytetrafluoroethylene,
PTFE, Teflon
-[CF2-CF2]x-