Brackets

with modified
surfaces.

Brackets are the most important elements of orthodontic

appliance or in simple words its the tool that holds the
wire

They are classified according to there size: large, mini, and

ultramini.

Base: maybe straight or curved

Width: maybe narrow , medium, or wide

Or they maybe single or twin according to the technique

used.

A historical overview:

The first attempt to scientifically move a

tooth was made in 1728 by a French
dentist , Pierre Fauchard. He used an
arch-shaped metal band with holes
drilled in preselected sites. This
arrangement gave only tipping control,
in one dimension, and soon proved
inadequate for controlling rotations.

Father of Orthodontics

In 1860 Norman Kingsely introduced

occipital anchorage, and then he
published the Treatise on oral
deformities as a branch of mechanical
surgery. In which he defended dental
extractions for some orthodontic cases,
which was a controversial issue at that
time.
Angel considered Kingsely the
greatest mastermind of orthodontics

EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE

For the first third of this past century,

orthodontics found itself dominated by
one man, Edward H. Angle. Known as
the father of modern orthodontics

In the 20th century ,Edward Angle

devised the first simple classification
system for malocclusions, and he
introduced Edgewise appliance.
In 1910 angle developed the pin and
tube appliance, it had gold and platinum
bands and attachments for most teeth.

But this appliance had many

disadvantages, it was difficult to handle,
to ensure that the force passed in the
right direction through the roots of the
teeth, the pins and tubes were
assembled parallel to the long axis of
the teeth and to each other, and to keep
the appliance activated , it was
necessary to keep changing the
positions of the pins during treatment..
Plus it was not possible to obtain control

Angle stated that the ideal appliance

would be the one that could provide light
and continuous forces in the desired
directions and according to that he then
developed the ribbon appliance which
included a delicate metal device welded
to the bands. This device was called a
bracket by Angle.

Ribbon

Therefore, the edgewise bracket did not suddenly spring fullgrown from Angle's fertile mind, but slowly evolved with several
iterations

Angle's many iterations of the edgewise bracket:

The Edgewise Appliance, on which modern orthodontics

appliances are based, has identical brackets for all teeth,
and tooth movement was accomplished by adding bends to
rectangular arch wires , which were held in the bracket slot
using metal ligatures.

The first brackets were made of gold, because of the

softness of the gold they tended to lose their shape easily
due to the forces generated by the occlusion and the
ligature.

Edgewise appliance allowed movement of

teeth in all directionshowever rotation
was still difficult to accomplish.
Note: The Edgewise appliance was
developed for treatment without
extractions. This appliance supplied the
needs of that time.

Adward Angle died on August 11/1930 .I

finished my work as perfect as it was
possible to do it

Angle's influence continued until a student of his,

Charles H. Tweed, had enough courage and
objectivity to challenge Angle's non-extraction
scheme.
He used the edgewise appliance , besides making
extraction of teeth acceptable for orthodontic
correction, he introduced the idea of anchorage
as an important part of treatment.

In 1955, Levern Merrifield, one of

Tweeds most brilliant students,
introduced improvements to Edgewise
Appliance, making it easier to work with.

Paul Begg reviewed Angles views on diagnosis

and then he embraced the concept of tooth
extraction. He started using round arch wires in
his treatments .
He launched the Begg technique with angle
ribbon appliance as a basses, but with the slot
oriented to the gingival ( vertical slot)

In 1970, Lawrence Andrews, in attempt to

eliminate the need for archwire bends, he
developed the Straight-Wire Appliance.
The concept behind this appliance was that the
brackets would move the teeth in the desired
direction.

Andrews designed a bracket system that had in its

prescription angulation , inclination and in-out (Built-in
features)

Note: The Straight-Wire appliance was initially

developed for cases without extractions.
However, it also started to be used for extraction
cases, by incorporating the concepts of
angulation, torque, and first order bend in to the
brackets. (first generation )

Roth: Straight-Wire Technique

Straight-Wire Appliance became widely

accepted and one of the orthodontists who
collaborated in its evolution was Ronald Roth.

If you are not part of the solution,

you are probably part of the problem.

Roth tried to avoid the difficulties and he

recommended the use of a single appliance
system that consisted of minimum number of
brackets for both extraction and non extraction
cases. This system became the second
generation

Brackets Material:

The bracket material must be:

Hygienic, nontoxic
Resistant to corrosion
It must resist forces applied to it by the wire.
Esthetic
Not absorb water
Not be discolored by oral liquids
Have minimal bracket-wire friction

TYPES OF BRACKETS:

Metal brackets: SS brackets

Most brackets currently used are made of

austenitic stainless steel containing 18% chrome
and 8% nickel
SS brackets have most of the basic
characteristics expected from a bracket.
It is resistant to all kinds of corrosion, hygienic,
and economical.

However it has 2 important

disadvantages :

Not esthetic
May release nickel and chrome into the oral
environment.
Therefore, various alternative material have
recently been developed to eliminate the esthetic
problems , including ceramics, plastic, and
composite materials.

PLASTIC BRACKETS:

PLASTIC BRACKETS:

Initially made of polycarbonate and plastic

molding powder (Plexiglas)

These brackets did not last long

because of their:

Discoloration
Fragility
Breakage under stress
Also, much of the energy in the wire was expended
in distorting the brackets because of the poor
integrity of the arch wire slot and therefore forces
were not transmitted to the tooth.

They improved & reinforced plastic brackets

by introducing :

Precision- made stainless steel slot inserts

( TO MINIMIZE FRICTION)

Ceramic fillers
Ceramic-reinforced plastic brackets are suitable for
clinical use because of there color stability , have
lower friction, and have the structural integrity to
transmit orthodontic forces without distorting.

CERAMIC BRACKETS:

They are the esthetic

alternative to plastic brackets.
Made of monocrystalline and polycrystalline
ceramic material.

Advantges:

excellent color fidelity

stain resistance
biocompatible
Hardness

Disadvantages:

Fracture tendencies ( during torsional and tipping

movements)
Causes abrasion of opposing teeth
They damage the enamel during the debonding procedure.

A new design of the ceramic bracket is borrowed from the

design of the metal reinforced plastic bracketsin which
a metal slot is incorporated in ceramic bracket.
To reduce friction between bracket and wire.
Another feature of this appliance is the ease of debonding
via a vertical scribe line placed in the base of the bracket.

Surface modification of the brackets using

photo catalytic titanium oxide:

Orthodontic brackets coated with

photocatalytic titanium oxide showed an
antiadherent effect against L acidophilus
compared with uncoated brackets.
The bacterial mass that was bound to the
TiO(2)-coated brackets was less when
compared with the uncoated brackets.
Furthermore, TiO(2)-coated brackets had a
bactericidal effect on L acidophilus, which
causes dental caries.

Surface Modification of Orthodontic Bracket Models

via Ion Implantation: Effect on Coefficients of Friction

In an effort to reduce the unwanted

effects of friction, ion implantation of
bracket models was accomplished
(with nitrogen ,carbon and other
materials)
And it enhanced surface
characteristics of the brackets and
reduced the friction between the
bracket and the wire.

Frictional and mechanical properties of diamond-like

carbon-coated orthodontic brackets

This study investigated the effects of a

diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating on frictional
and mechanical properties of orthodontic
brackets. DLC films were deposited on
stainless steel brackets using the plasmabased ion implantation/deposition (PBIID)
conclusion, the surfaces of metal brackets can
be successfully modified by the PBIIB
therefore the DLC-coating process significantly
reduces frictional forces.

THANK
YOU!

REF:

Orthodontic contemprory (proffit)

Moyers
PUBMED