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Mechanical
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical
u = 1 + 2 x + 3 y
v = 1 + 2 x + 3 y
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical
Element 1
(2)
(1)
Calculations:
2a = 40
a1 = 40, a2 = 0, a3 = 0
b1 = - 4, b2 = 4, b3 = 0
c1 = -10, c2 = 0, c3 = 10
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical
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Example
2a = 40
a1 = 40, a2 = 0, a3 = 0
b1 = - 4, b2 = 4, b3 = 0
c1 = -10, c2 = 0, c3 = 10
Calculations:
1 = (1)U1
Change of notations
2 = -(1/10)U1 + (1/10)U3
3 = -(1/4) U1+ (1/4) U5
1 = (1)U2
2 = -(1/10)U2 + (1/10) U4
3 = -(1/4) U2+ (1/4) U6
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Example
Substitute and to obtain displacements u
and v for element 1.
1 = (1)U1
2 = -(1/10)U1 + (1/10)U3
3 = -(1/4) U1+ (1/4) U5
u = 1 + 2 x + 3 y
v = 1 + 2 x + 3 y
1 = (1)U2
2 = -(1/10)U2 + (1/10) U4
3 = -(1/4) U2+ (1/4) U6
Calculation:
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Example
Rewriting the equations in the matrix form,
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Example
Similarly the displacements within element 2 can be
expresses as
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Example
The next step is to determine the strains using 2D straindisplacement relations,
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Example
Differentiate the displacement equation to obtain the strain
u1 = U1 + [-1/10(U1) + (1/10) U3] x + [-(1/4) U1+ (1/4) U5 ] y
v1 = U2 + [-1/10(U2) + (1/10) U4] x + [-(1/4) U2+ (1/4) U6 ] y
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Example
Element 2
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Example
Using the stress-strain relations for homogeneous,
isotropic material and plane-stress,
x = (x / E ) - (y) - (z) = (x / E ) - (y / E ) - (z / E )
y = (y / E ) - (x) - (z) = (y / E ) - (x / E ) - (z / E )
z = (z / E ) - (x) - (y) = (z / E ) - (x / E ) - (y / E )
We have:
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The left side represents the internal virtual work done, and the
right side represents the external work done by the actual
forces as they go through the virtual displacement.
The above equation is used to generate finite element
equations. And by approximating the object as an assemblage
of discrete finite elements, these elements are interconnected
at nodal points.
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where
B(m)
C(m)
H(m)
U
F
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Example
Calculating the stiffness matrix for element 2.
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Example
The stiffness of the structure as a whole is obtained by combing
the two matrices.
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Example
The load vector R, equals Rc because only concentrated loads
act on the nodes.
R=
K = UR
where Py is the known external force and F1x, F1y, F3x, and F3y are
the unknown reaction forces at the supports.
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Example
The following matrix equation can be solved for nodal point
displacements
K = UR
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Example
The solution can be obtained by applying the boundary conditions
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Example
The equation can be divided into two parts,
The first equation can be solved for the unknown nodal displacements,
U3, U4, U7, and U8. And substituting these values into the second
equation to obtain unknown reaction forces, F1x, F1y, F3x, and F3y .
Pre-Processing
Solving Matrix (solver)
Post-Processing
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FEA Pre-Processing
Mesh
Mesh is your way of communicating geometry to
the solver, the accuracy of the solution is primarily
dependent on the quality of the mesh.
The better the mesh looks, the more accurate the
solution is.
A good-looking mesh should have well-shaped
elements, and the transition between densities
should be smooth and gradual without skinny,
distorted elements.
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FEA Pre-Processing
Finite elements supported by most finite-element codes:
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10-node Quadratic
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Clean geometry
geometrical features must not prevent the mesh from
being created. The model should not include buried
features.
Parent-child relationships
parametric modeling allows defining features off other
CAD features.
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Short edges and sliver surfaces usually accompany each other and
on large faces can cause highly distorted elements or a failed mesh.
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Ken Youssefi
Flat surface
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Holes removed
Fillet
removed
Ribs needed
for casting
removed
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FEA Pre-Processing
Material Properties
The only material properties that are generally required
by an isotropic, linear static FEA are: Youngs modulus
(E), Poissons ratio (v), and shear modulus (G).
G = E / 2(1+v)
Provide only two of the three properties.
Thermal expansion and simulation analysis require
coefficient of thermal expansion, conductivity and
specific heat values.
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FEA Pre-Processing
Nonlinear Material Properties
A multi-linear model requires the input of stress-strain
data pairs to essentially communicate the stress-strain
curve from testing to the FE model
Highly deformable, low stiffness, incompressible materials,
such as rubber and other synthetic elastomers require
distortional and volumetric constants or a more complete set
of tensile, compressive, and shear force versus stretch curve.
A creep analysis requires time and temperature dependent
creep properties. Plastic parts are extremely sensitive to this
phenomenon
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FEA Pre-Processing
Comments
If you are selecting the property set from the codes library,
be aware of the assumptions made with this selection.
Their properties hold constant throughout the assigned entity.
Average values are used (variation could be up to 15%).
Localized changes due to heat or other processing effects are
not accounted for.
Any impurities present in the parent material are neglected.
If possible, obtain material property values specific to the
application under analysis.
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FEA Pre-Processing
Boundary Conditions
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Boundary Conditions
Loads
Loads are used to represent inputs to the system.
They can be in the forms of forces, moments,
pressures, temperature, or accelerations.
Constraints
Constraints are used as reactions to the applied
loads. Constraints can resist translational or
rotational deformation induced by applied loads.
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Boundary Conditions
Linear Static Analysis
Boundary conditions are assumed constant from
application to final deformation of system and all loads
are applied gradually to their full magnitude.
Dynamic Analysis
The boundary conditions vary with time.
Non-linear Analysis
The orientation and distribution of the boundary
conditions vary as displacement of the structure is
calculated.
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Boundary Conditions
Degrees of Freedom
Spatial DOFs refer to the three translational and three rotational
modes of displacement that are possible for any part in 3D
space. A constraint scheme must remove all six DOFs for the
analysis to run.
Elemental DOFs refer to the ability of each element to transmit
or react to a load. The boundary condition cannot load or
constrain a DOF that is not supported by the element to which
it is applied.
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Boundary Conditions
Constraints and their geometric equivalent in classic
beam calculation.
Fixed support
Pin support
Roller support
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Boundary Conditions
A solid face should always have at least three points in
contact with the rest of the structure. A solid element
should never be constrained by less than three points and
only translational DOFs must be fixed.
Accuracy
The choice of boundary conditions has a direct impact
on the overall accuracy of the model.
Over-constrained model an overly stiff model due
to poorly applied constraints.
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Patch 1
Patch 2
Patch 3
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Patch 1
Patch 2
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Summary of Pre-Processing
Build the geometry
Make the finite-element mesh
Add boundary conditions; loads and
constraints
Provide properties of material
Specify analysis type (static or dynamic,
linear or non-linear, plane stress, etc.)
These activities are called finite element modeling.
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View Animated
Displacements
Post-Processing
No
Yes
Review Boundary
Conditions
View Displacement
Fringe Plot
Are magnitudes in line with your expectations? No
Yes
View Stress
Fringe Plot
Is the quality and mag. Of stresses acceptable? No
Yes
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