EARLY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

IN
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Presented by,

SABITHA O S
1ST Bed (social science)
Roll No : 47
U.C.T.E.
MUVATTUPUZHA

EARLY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
The history of the Social Sciences has origins in the Common Stock of
western philosophy and shares various prelursors, but began most
intentionally in the early 19 th century with the positivist philosophy of
Science.
The idea that Society may be studied in a standardized and objective
manner, with Scholarly rules and methodology is comparatively recent.
While there is evidence of early Sociology in medievalism and while
philosophers such as Confucius had long science theorized on topics such
as social roles, the scientific analysis of man is peculiar to the
intellectual break away from age of enlightment and focused on
discourses of modernity. Social science came forth from the moral
philosophy of the time and was influenced by the Age of Revaluation and
the French Revolutions. The beginning of the Social Science in the 18 th
Century are reflected in the grand encyclopedia of Diderot, with articles
from Rousseau and other proneers.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT
IN SOCIAL
SCIENCE
GREEK
Herodotus (C. 484-425 BC)

Widely referred to us The Father of

History
He was the first historian know to
collect his material systematically
Rational, Humanistic, Scientific
approach in study
Major works The History, The
Persian War

Thucydides (460-396 BC)

Father of scientific history
He write history based on
witness report and interviews
He distinguished clearly the
causes and reason for the
events
Work The History of
peloponnesian War

Plato (427-347 B.C.)

Philosopher, Mathematician
He found the Academy
Systematically and Critically
examine issues in Philosophical study
Laid foundation Scientific to thought
Book Apology, Republic,
Symposium, Timaeus

Polybius (c.200-c.118)
Known as Historian of the
Historian
He find Truth is the eye of
history.
Book- Histories

Rome
Adopted imative,narrative,utilitarian,pragmatical
method in historical study
Believed in substantialism
Major historians-Fabious Pictos, Porcious Cato, Jullius
Ceasor, Titus Livy, Cornelius Tacitus

Cornelius Tacitus(5512 C.E)

Titus
Livy(59B,C.E.17 C.E
Known as Herodotus
of Roman History
Major Work- The
History of Rome

Known as Thucydudes of Roman

History
Critical Historian
Major Works- Germania,
Histories, Annals

MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(influenced by religion)
Christian Period
St. Agustine(354-430 A.D)
Early Christian Theologian
and Philosopher
Writings influenced the
development of Western
Philosophy
Conduct Historical Study
based on Intution&Revelution
Major Work- The City of
God

Islamic Period
Ahammed Albaruni (973-1048
A.D.)
Well versed Physics, History,
Mathematics, Astronomy,
Geograohy, Psychology,
Medicine.
Founder of Indology, Father
of Geodegs
Discover method for to findout
Radiumof Earth
Major Book- Tarikh-Ul-Hind

Dark Age
People have always wondered why we behave the way we do, but the
reason behind this behaviour has changed.
Pre-1700 Europe was experiencing the Dark Ages-believed to be a time
of backwardness and ignorance - explanation usd to be a matter of
faith, No fact.

Age of Enlightenment (1620-1780

The 1700s are known as the Age of Enlightenment

Leaders looked back to the darknessof past (period of the unknown)
and wanted to shed light (knowledge) on society, thu giving rise to
change and allow progress for the future.
Enlightenment started in Italy
New scientific Research & Innovations developed
Major Thinkers- Francis Backon, Rene Descarte, Immanual Kant,
Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesque, Voltaire, Rousseau, Issac
Newton.

Renaissance
Renaissance means Rebirth or Revival
Revival of classical knowledge.
Witnessed the Discovery and Exploration of new
contents
Humanistic &Rationalistic approach
New apporach to life
New spirit in Art & Architecture, Literature& Learning.
Growth of the Vernacular & Scientific investigation

19th Century
Marked the collapse of Spanish,,First and Second
French,Chinese,Holy Roman and Mughal Empire
Era of Scientific discovery and invention.
Laid background for the technological advances of 20 th
century.
Period of Industrial Revoluion
August Comte - Developed sociology.
Ranke - Father of Modern History, Rankeyan Positivism
Karl Marx- Marxism
Emile Durkheim Developed positivism in greater detail.
Marx Webber Made contribution to social science

DUKHEIM

MARX

RANKE

COMPTE

Development in 20th Century

Statistics became free standing discipline of applied
mathematics.
Sigmond Frued made impact on Psychology
John Deuey advocate view of scientific treatment
of philosophy
Hegel developed Idealism & Logic to experimental
science
Charles Sanders joined in Pragmatism, it is a
philosophical tradions.

 Three phases involved in research : Problamatic

situation , Isolation of data , Reflective
Quanditative & Qualitative method integrated in the
study of human actions & its implications
Science depented on social science methadology.eg: neuro
psychology,bio-economics etc.
New School for Social Research & International
Institute of Social History started.
World famous universities conducted research on social
science.

Modern Trends in Social Science

Consilience Method deveoped.

Consilience means jumping together of knowledge
The word coined by William Whewell.
It is the principle that evidence from indipendent ,unrelated
can coverage to strong conclusions.
Science depented on social science methadology.eg: neuro
psychology,bio-economics etc.
New School for Social Research & International Institute of
Social History started.
World famous universities conducted research on social
science.

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 C.E)

Concidered as the First Father of Sociology
Emphasis on truth
Historical study gave importance to Reason,Social
& Physical law.
Science of History major theoriticalcontribution.
Major Work Muqaddima, universal history
presented in this work.

SOCIAL SCIENCE BRANCHES

Social Science
Education
Sociology
StatisticsLinguistics
Philosophy ArcheologyPolitical science

History

Geography

Law

Business management