02 - OWA200003 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer ISSUE1.0

Internal
OWA200003
WCDMA Radio Interface
Physical Layer
ISSUE 1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
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The physical layer offers data transport

services to higher layers.
The access to these services is through the
use of transport channels via the MAC sublayer.
The physical layer is expected to perform the
following functions in order to provide the
data transport service,for example
Modulation and spreading/demodulation and
despreading, Inner - loop power control ..ect.
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Page 2
References
TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio
Transmission and Reception

TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description
TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of
transport channels onto physical channels

(FDD)
TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding
(FDD)
TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)
TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2

TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Acces
(HSDPA) - Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects

TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High
Speed Downlink Packet Access
All rights reserved
Page 3
Upon completion of this course, you
will be able to:

Understand radio interface
protocol Architecture
Understand key technology of
UMTS physical layer
Understand UMTS physical layer
procedures
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Page 4
Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview

Chapter 2 Physical layer key technology
Chapter 3 Physical Layer Procedures
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Page 5
UTRAN Protocol Structure

Core Network
Iu
Iu
RNS
RNS
Iur
RNC
Iub
Node B
Iub
Iub
Node B
Node B
RNC
All rights reserved
Page 6
Iub
Node B
Radio Interface Protocol Structure

GC
Nt
DC
Duplication avoidance
Nt
GC
DC
C-plane signaling
U-plane information
control
L3
Radio
Bearers
control
control
control
control
RRC
UuS boundary
PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
L2/PDCP
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
PHY
Transport
Channels
L1
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Page 7
Data Processing at Physical Layer
Data from MAC

Layer TB
Channel coding and

multiplexing
Spreading and
modulation
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Page 8
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation which transforms data symbols into chips.

Thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal, The number of chips per
data symbol is called the Spreading Factor SF .The operation is
done by multiplying with OVSF code.
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal .
Chips after
spreading
Data bit
OVSF
code
Scrambling
code
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Page 9
Channelization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code
The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the
spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
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Page 10
Scrambling Code
Scrambling code GOLD sequence.
Scrambling code period : 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
The code used for scrambling of the uplink
DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either long or short type,

There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling
codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by
higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 =
262,143 scrambling codes can be generated.

scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
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Page 11
Primary Scrambling Code

Primary
scrambling code 0
Secondary
scrambling code 1
Set 1
Secondary
scrambling code 15
Scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Set 0
Set 511
Primary
scrambling code
51116
8192 scrambling
codes
512 sets
Secondary
scrambling code
51116 15
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are

included in a set.
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Page 12
Primary Scrambling Code Group

Primary
scrambling code 0
Primary
scrambling code 1
Group 1
Primary scrambling
code 15
Group 63
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Group 0
Primary
scrambling code
8*63
512 primary
scrambling codes
64 primary scrambling
code groups
All rights reserved
Primary
scrambling code
63*8 7
Each group consists of 8
primary scrambling codes
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Page 14

Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping
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Page 15
WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels

In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three channels:
Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.

Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of
the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and service
channel.
Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and physical
layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer.
According to whether the information transported is dedicated information
for a user or common information for all users, it is divided into dedicated
channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information
when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of channel which
uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and
carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a dedicated channel.
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Page 16
logical channel
Dedicated traffic channel
DTCH
Common traffic channel
CTCH
Broadcast control channel
BCCH
Paging control channel
PCCH
Dedicate control channel
DCCH
Common control channel
(CCCH
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Traffic channel
Control channel
Page 17
Transport channel
Dedicated Channel
(DCH)
-The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is an

uplink or downlink channel.
Broadcast channel
(BCH)
Forward access channel
(FACH)
Paging channel
(PCH)
Random access channel
(RACH)
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Dedicated transport
channel
Common transport
channel
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Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency,
code (scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.

In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or
spreading code) can distinguish the channels.

Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and
each radio frame consists of 15 time slots.

Two types of physical channel:UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency,code,phase
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Page 19
Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(Downlink DPCH)
Downlink
Physical Channel
Downlink Common Physical Channel
Common Control Physical Channel

(CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
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Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data

Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
Uplink Physical
Channel
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel

(PRACH)
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Page 21
Function of physical channel

Cell broadcast channels
P-CPICH-Primary
P-CPICH-Primary common pilot channel
S-CPICH-secondary
S-CPICH-secondary common
common pilot
pilot channel
channel
P-CCPCH-Primary
P-CCPCH-Primary common control physical
physical channel
SCHSCH- Synchronisation
Synchronisation Channel
Channel
Paging channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary
S-CCPCH-Secondary common
common control
control physical
physical channel
channel
PICH-paging
PICH-paging Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
Random access channels

Node B
PRACH-Physical
PRACH-Physical random access channel
UE
AICH-Acquisition
AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel
Dedicated channels
DPDCH-dedicated
DPDCH-dedicated physical
physical data
data channel
channel
DPCCH-dedicated
DPCCH-dedicated physical
physical control
control channel
channel
High speed downlink share channels

HS-SCCH-High
HS-SCCH-High speed
speed share
share control
control channel
channel
HS-PDSCH-High
HS-PDSCH-High speed
speed physical
physical downlink
downlink share
share channel
channel
HS-DPCCH-High
HS-DPCCH-High speed
speed dedicated
dedicated physical
physical control channel
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Page 22
Synchronization Channel (SCH)

SSC specifies the scrambling code
Used for cell search

Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH.
SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips
of every time slot.
PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each
groups of the cell.
SSC is chosen from a set of 16
different codes of length 256, there are

altogether 64 primary scrambling code
groups.
time slot.
Slot #0
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
Slot #1
ac p
ac p
ac si,0
ac si,1
Slot #14
ac p
acsi,14
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
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Page 23
Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)

Carries pre-defined sequence.
Fixed rate 30Kbps SF=256
The CPICH uses the same channel and scrambling code
but different sequences in the case transmit diversity is

used on downlink channel
Antenna 1
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Antenna 2
-A -A A A -A -A A A -A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A
slot #14
Frame#i
slot #0
Frame Boundary
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slot #1
Frame#i+1
Page 24

Primary CPICH
Uses the same channel code--Cch, 256,0

Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Only one CPICH per cell
Broadcast over the entire cell
The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH,
PICH. By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
Secondary CPICH
An arbitrary channel code of SF=256 is used for S-CPICH
S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling
code
There may be zero, one , or several secondary CPICH.
S-CPICH may be transmitted over part of the cell
S-CPICH may be a phase reference for S-CCPCH and downlink DPCH.
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Page 25
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)

Fixed rate 30kbps SF=256
Carry BCH transport channel
The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of
each time slot.
Only data part

STTD transmit diversity may be used
256 chips
Data
(Tx OFF)
18 bits
T
Slot #0
Slot #1
slot
= 2560 chips,20 bits
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
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Page 26
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

PICH is a fixed-rate(SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI).
PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped.
Frame structure of PICH one frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288 bits
are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined.
N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with this
paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.
288 bits for paging indication
b0 b1
12 bits (undefined)
b 287 b 288
One radio frame (10 ms)

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Page 27
b 299
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

Carry FACH and PCH.
SF =256 - 4.
Two kinds of SCCPCH: with or without
FACH and PCH can be mapped to the
TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should

be transmitted, UE must support TFCI.
Possible rates are the same as that of
downlink DPCH
same or separate SCCPCHs. If

mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they
can be mapped to the same fame.
Data
N Data bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Pilot
NPilot bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: T = 10 ms
f
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Page 28
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
The random-access transmission data consists of
two parts:
One or several preambles each preamble is
of length 4096chips and consists of 256
repetitions of a signature whose length is 16
chips 16 available signatures totally
10 or 20ms message part
Which signature is available and the length of
message part are determined by higher layer
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Page 29
PRACH Transmission Structure
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)
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Page 30
PRACH Access Timeslot Structure

radio frame: 10 ms
radio frame: 10 ms
5120 chips
#1
Access slot #0
Access slot #1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
Random Access Transmission

Access slot #7
Access slot #8

Access slot #14
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Page 31
PRACH Message Structure

Data
N data bits
Data
Pilot
N Pilot bits
Control
TFCI
N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms
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Page 32
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Frame structure of AICH two frames, 20 ms consists of a repeated
sequence of 15 consecutive AS, each of length 20 symbols(5120 chips). Each

time slot consists of two parts an Acquisition-Indicator(AI) and a part of duration
1024chips with no transmission.
Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature.
CPICH is the phase reference of AICH.
AI part
a0 a1 a2
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
Unused part
a30 a31 a32 a33
AS #i
a38 a39
AS #14
20 ms
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Page 33
AS #0
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel

DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed within each radio
frame
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
Each frame is 10ms and consists of 15 time slots, each time
slot consists of 2560 chips

The spreading factor of DPDCH is from 4 to 256
The spreading factor of DPDCH and DPCCH can be different in
the same Layer 1 connection

Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCI FBI TPC
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Page 34
Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Data
N databits
DPDCH
DPCCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
FBI
NFBI bits
TPC
NTPC bits
k
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2
bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: fT= 10 ms
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Page 35
Functions of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH

Data bearer
at physical layer
DPDCH
DCH Data
DPCCH
Provide control data for DPDCH,
such as demodulation, power control, etc
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Page 36
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

DCH consists of dedicated data and control information.
Control information includes Pilot TPC TFCI(optional).
The spreading factor of DCH can be from 512 to 4,and can be
changed during connection

DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed.
Multi-code transmission within one CCTrCH uses the same
spreading factor. In this case, the DPCH control information is

transmitted only on the first downlink DPCH.
Different CCTrCH can use different spreading factors in the
case there are several CCTrCHs for one UE. In this case
information of only one DPCCH needs to be transmitted.
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Page 37
Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
Data1
Ndata1 bits
TPC
NTPC bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
DPDCH
DPCCH
Data2
Ndata2 bits
Pilot
Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
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Page 38
Functions of Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH

Data bearer
at physical layer
DPDCH
DCH data
DCH data
DPCCH
Provide control data for DPDCH ,
such as demodulation, power control,etc.
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Page 39

Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping
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Page 40
Channel Mapping
Higher Layer
data
Logical Channels
(Data Dependent)
Paging
Paging
System
System
Info
Info
Signaling
Signaling
Cell
Cell
Broadcast
Broadcast
Service
Service
Signaling
Signaling
and
anddata
User
User data
DCCH
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
CTCH
Decicated
Logical
Channel
CipherOn
{XOR}
Transport Channels
(L1 Characteristics
Dependent)
Physical
Channels
PCH
S-CCPCH
BCH
P-CCPCH
FACH
RACH
DCH
PRACH
DPDCH
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Page 41
DTCH
DTCH
DTCH

All rights reserved
Page 42
Synchronization ProcedureCell Search

Slot synchronization
Frame synchronization and

code-group identification
Scrambling-code
identification
UE uses PSC to acquire slot

synchronization to a cell
UE uses SSC to find frame

synchronization and identify the
code group of the cell found in
the first step
UE determines the primary scrambling

code through correlation over the
CPICH with all codes within the
identified group, and then detects the
P-CCPCH and reads BCH
information
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Page 43
Synchronization Procedure Channel Timing Relationship

Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
Any CPICH
P -CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 0
P -CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 1
CCPCH,k
S-
k:th S -CCPCH
PICH
PICH for k:th S
AICH access
slo ts
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
-CCPCH
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
Any PDSCH
DPCH,n
n:th DPCH
10 ms
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Page 44
#11
#12
#13
#14
Synchronization ProcedureCommon Channe Synchronization
Common Channel Synchronization

The following physical channels have the same frame
timing
SCH(Primary and secondary)
CPICH(Primary and secondary)
P-CCPCH
PDSCH
P-CCPCHs radio frame timing is acquired by cell
search The P-CCPCH on which the cell SFN is

transmitted is used as timing reference for all the
physical channels
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Page 45
Random access procedure
START
Choose a RACH sub channel from

available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble _Initial _ Power
No AI
Choose a access slot again
Send a preamble
Check the corresponding AI

Get positive AI
Choose a signature and

increase preamble transmit power
The counter of preamble retransmit
subtract
1 ; Commanded preamble power
increased by Power Ramp Step
Get negative AI
Increase message part power by p

-m based on preamble power
Send the corresponding message part
Y
Counter> 0 && Preamble power
maximum allowed power<6 dB
N
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
Set physical status to be RACH

message transmitted
Set physical status to be Nack

on AICH received
Report the physical status to MAC
END
All rights reserved
Page 46
Random Access ProcedureRACH

Physical random access procedure
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access
slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the
given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones
previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the
selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding
to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC
from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such
that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal probability
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures

within the given ASC.
3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_
Retrans_ Max
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Page 47

4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to Preamble_Initial_Power
5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and
preamble transmission power.
6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1) corresponding to
the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to
the selected uplink access slot:
A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH subchannels within the given ASC;
B: select a signature;
C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power;
D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble
Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the
physical random access procedure.
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Page 48
7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the

selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot
corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the
physical random access procedure Signature
8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the
selected signature is detected , Transmit the random
access message three or four uplink access slots after the
uplink access slot of the last transmitted preamble
9. exit the physical random access procedure
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Page 49
Transmit diversity Mode

Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink
physical channel
Physical channel type
Open loop mode
Closed loop mode
TSTD
STTD
Mode 1
Mode 2
applied
applied
S-CCPCH
applied
DPCH
applied
applied
applied
PICH
applied
HS-PDSCH
applied
applied
HS-SCCH
applied
AICH
applied
P-CCPCH
SCH
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Page 50
Transmit Diversity-STTD
Space time block coding based transmit antenna
diversity(STTD
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b0 b1 b2 b3
Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b 2 b 3 b 0 -b 1 Antenna 2
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits
for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
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Page 51
Transmit Diversity-TSTD
Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is
used only on SCH channel.
Slot #0
Slot #1
ac p
(Tx OFF)
i,0
(Tx OFF)
Slot #14
Slot #2
ac p
acp
Antenna 1
ac s
(Tx OFF)
acp
i,2
i,14
acs
acs
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
Antenna 2
(Tx OFF)
i,1
acs
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
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Page 52
Transmit Diversity Closed Loop Mode

Closed loop mode transmit diversity
Used in DPCH and PDSCH

Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in non-diversity
mode. The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX antenna
branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight factors w1 and w2.
The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled to the UTRAN
access point (=cell transceiver) using the D-bits of the FBI field of uplink
DPCCH.
The calculation of weight factor is the key point of closed loop Tx
diversity.there are two modes with different calculation methods of weight
factor
1 mode 1 uses phase adjustment the dedicated pilot symbols of
two antennas are different(orthogonal)
2 mode 2 uses phase/amplitude adjustment the dedicated pilot
symbols of two antennas are the same.
All rights reserved
Page 53
Thank You
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02 - OWA200003 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer ISSUE1.0

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Internal

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The physical layer offers data transport

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Transmission and Reception

transport channels onto physical channels

Access (HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2

(HSDPA) - Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects

Speed Downlink Packet Access

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Upon completion of this course, you

will be able to:

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Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview

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UTRAN Protocol Structure

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Radio Interface Protocol Structure

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Data Processing at Physical Layer

Data from MAC

Channel coding and

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Channelization operation which transforms data symbols into chips.

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spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.

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DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either long or short type,

262,143 scrambling codes can be generated.

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Primary Scrambling Code

A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are

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Primary Scrambling Code Group

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Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview

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Chapter 2 Physical layer key technology

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WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels

Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.

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Common traffic channel

Broadcast control channel

Paging control channel

Dedicate control channel

Common control channel

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-The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is an