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Cytogenetics
Lecture 5 Ploidy
aneuploid: chromosome # is not normal
Nondisjunction
monosomy
trisomy 21 Downs
Seedless
New species
2n + 2n
=
4n
Tetraploid
Triploid
Lecture 5 Ploidy
Mitosis
Divisions
Ploidy
1
maintained
vs. Meiosis
2
reduced by 1/2
Hom. Pairing No
Yes
Crossovers
Promotes
variation
No
No
Yes
Yes
Assortment
Independent
Visualization: microscopy
- bright field, phase contrast, DIC
- fluorescence, confocal
- Electron (transmission, scanning)
Basic components of a
domaincell?
system: Archaea,
Prokaryoti
c
before nucleus
Bacteria, Eukarya
vs
Eukaryotic
true nucleus
Differences
?
Bacteria
Archaea
Extremophiles (biotech)
- high temp (122oC)
- salt
- acidic (pH 0)
- alkaline
?
organelles
plant
animal
Fungi
Protista
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
single chromosome
no histones
Flagellum
Cell wall
Plasma
membrane
Peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
(absent in some bacteria)
transcription/translation
- coupled!!
animal
Similarities/Differences?
Free ribosomes
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
- MTOC
Ribosomes
(bound to RER)
Golgi apparatus
- protein trafficking
Plasma
membrane
Free
ribosomes
Cell wall
Nucleus
Vacuole
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Plasma
membrane
Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata
- channels
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Transcription/Translation
- uncoupled!!
Outer membrane
Nucleoplasm
Inner membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin*
Txn!
Nuclear
lamina
Nuclear
envelope
Nuclear
pore
An
a. Synthesis of membrane or
secreted proteins
b. Modify molecules enter cell
c. Synthesis of lipids &
steroids
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Lumen
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Inside of cell
Lumen
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
a. Sorting depot
for proteins
b. Plant cell wall
material
cis
region
medial
region
trans
region
Plasma membrane
a. Cell shape
b. Cell movement
c. Positions
organelles
d. Helps anchor cell
e. Cell division
f. Molecular
transport
Plasma
membrane
Microfilaments
End
Intermediate
filament
Microtubule
End
End
End
Actin monomer
Fibrous subunit
Tubulin
dimer
-Tubulin
monomer
-Tubulin
monomer
Golgi
apparatus
lysosome
Phagosome
Plasma
membrane
Outside of cell
Matrix
Cristae
Cellular respiration
- generate ATP
- genome
Thylakoid
chlorophyll
Stroma
Photosynthesis
- generate ATP
- genome
Animal
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Cell adhesion
Physical properties of tissue
Filter
Cell movement
Cell signaling
Plant
a. Support and volume
b. Protective barrier
c. Part of plant growth
Eukaryotic
Differences
?