Indian and

Islamic
Mathematics
Presented By: Joselito C.
Cabije
MAed-Mathematics

Indian
Mathematics

Indus Valley
Civilization
Highly
sophisticate
d urban
civilization
that died
around 3000
BC

Indus Valley
Civilization
a region
of more
than a
million
square
kilometers

Indus Valley
Civilization

Indus Valley
Civilization

Indus Valley
Civilization
comprised
baked clay
brick
buildings,
highly
developed sea
and river

Indus Valley
Civilization
The degree of
advancements in
science and technology
can be gauged from the
highly evolve system of
plumbing, public baths,
construction of the
cities and the
sophisticated seals and
sculptures that have
been found.

The Decimal System in

Harappa Period(30001500 BC)
standardize weight
system based on
ratios: 0.05, 0.1, 0.2,
0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20,
50, 100, 200, and
500
bronze rod marked in
units of 0.367 inches

The Decimal System in

Harappa Period(30001500 BC)
The weights were
made in regular
geometrical shapes
like hexahedra,
barrels, cones, and
cylinders, thereby
demonstrating
knowledge of basic
geometry

The Decimal System in

Harappa Period(30001500 BC)

The Decimal System in

Harappa Period(30001500 BC)

a scale with nine parallel

equidistant markings that is
also indicative of the decimal
system

Mohenjo-Daro
ruins in the Sindh province
of Pakistan

Seal Artifacts

Indus Valley
Civilization
sophistication
of the
civilizationports,
magnificent
brick buildings
and cities.

Ornaments

objects
found at
both
Mohenjodaro and
Harappa

Mathematical
Activities in the Vedic
Period (1750500 BC)

evolved around the development

and the practice of the Vedas.

Mathematical
Activities in the Vedic
Period (1750500 BC)
mostly to be found in
Vedic texts
associated with ritual
activities
system of land
grants and
agricultural tax
assessments

Mathematical
Activities in the Vedic
Period (1750500 BC)
converted
rectangular plots
or triangular plots
to squares of
equivalent sizes
constructed ritual
altars

The Sathpatha
Brahmana (900
BC)
This text
records the
Pythagorean
theorem 400
years before
Pythagoras.

The Sulba Sutras

(1000-200BC)
Sulba pieces of
chord or string and
Sutra formula or
aphorism
mathematical
discoveries using a
piece of chord for
constructions of

The Sulba Sutras

(1000-200 BC)
To find a
square
equals to
the sum of
two given
squares

Baudhayana (800
BC)
discovered a proof of the
theorem of Pythagoras

Interesting Fact

It is a recorded fact that

Pythagoras who lived
around 500 BC visited
India and interacted with
Indian Mathematicians
and scholars. In fact
Indian tradition records
that he turned vegetarian
under the influence of
Jainism after visiting
India.

Katyayana (200
BC)
author of one of the Sulba Sutras

Katyayana (200
BC)
The rope which is
stretched along
the length of the
diagonal of a
rectangle
produces an area
which the vertical
and horizontal
sides make

Irrational
Numbers in the
Sulba Sutras

Irrational
Numbers in the
Sulba Sutras

Panini
(520 BC)
a Sanskrit grammarian
who gave a
comprehensive and
scientific theory of
phonetics, phonology,
and morphology
invented a perfect
Sanskrit grammar
used the concept of zero

Pingala
(200 BC)
tried to invent new
meters from the known
Vedic meters by varying
the syllables through
permutations and
combinations of long and
short sounds
discovered the Meru
Prastara (Pascals
Triangle) which was
discovered by Pascal 1800
years after Pingal

Halayudh
(1200 AD)
wrote a commentary on
Pingals work and in the
process discovered the
Binomial Theorem 400
years before Newton.

Jain and
Buddhist
Mathematics
Before Christ

There is evidence that the Jain

mathematicians understood different orders
of infinity thereby anticipating in many ways
the great discoveries of Georg Cantor.

The Bakshali
Manuscript (300
AD)
early manuscript, written on
birch bark and found in the
summer of 1881 near the
village of Bakhshali then in
India and now in Pakistan
commentary on an earlier
mathematical work
clear evidence of the use of
the decimal system

The Bakshali
Manuscript (300
AD)

Evolution of
Numerals

Pierre-Simon
Laplace (17491827)
"The ingenious method of
expressing every possible
number using a set of ten
symbols emerged in India. The
idea seems so simple nowadays
that its significance and
profound importance is no longer
appreciated. It's simplicity lies in
the way it facilitated calculation

Evolution of
Numerals
Brahmi Numerals: Around
the Time of Christ

Evolution of
Numerals

Progression of Brahmi number forms

through the centuries (column far
left showing forms in use by 500 AD)

Evolution of
Numerals
Numeral forms found in
Bakhshali Manuscript
showing place value and use
of zero
330, 546,720, 947

Fractions in
Bakshali
Manuscripts

the sign + placed after a number

to indicate a negative

Some Contents
of the Bakhshali
Manuscript
Solution of linear equations with as many as
five unknowns.
Quadratic equations with solutions.
Progressions: Both arithmetic and geometric.
Simultaneous equations.
Fractions and other advances in notation
including use of zero and negative sign.
A remarkable method to compute square roots
(useful in approximating irrational numbers)

Square root in
Bakshali
Manuscript
This is stated in the manuscript as follows
In the case of a non-square number, subtract
the nearest square number, divide the
remainder by twice this nearest square; half
the square of this is divided by the sum of the
approximate root and the fraction. This is
subtracted and will give the corrected root.

Square root in
Bakshali
Manuscript

Bakshali Formula = 6.40313

Calculator => 6.403124237

Aryabhata I
(476 AD)
Aryabhatiya summarizes Hindu
mathematics up to
that 6th Century
recorded many
important
discoveries in
mathematics and
astronomy

Aryabhatas
Discoveries
The earth is round
and revolves around
its axis.
The sun appears go
around the earth
when in fact it is the
earth that revolves.
value of pi correct to
four decimal places

Aryabhatas
Discoveries
methods of finding
square roots and cube
roots
general solution of the
indeterminate equation
of first degree :by =
ax+c, where x and y are
unknowns
Indian astronomy on firm
mathematical foundation

Brahmagupta
(598 670 AD)
made advances in
number systems
including
algorithms for
square roots and
the solution of
quadratic
equations

Some
Achievements of
Brahamagupta

solved the equation y2=Nx2+1

where x and y are unknown
(Pells equation of Euler)
a formula for the area of a
cyclic quadrilateral

Some
Achievements of
Brahamagupta
formula for
determining the
diagonals of a
cyclic
quadrilateral in
terms of its
sides

Some
Achievements of
Brahamagupta
first to obtain formulas for
the sum of squares and
cubes of first n natural
numbers

Trigonometry in
India (300 AD
onwards)
Surya Siddhanta - founder
of modern trigonometry
makes distinctive uses of
the modern trigonometric
functions: Sine (Jya),
Cosine (kojya), Inverse sine
(otkram jya),Tangent,
Secant

Trigonometry in
India (300 AD
onwards)

Trigonometry in
India (300 AD
onwards)
A sidereal year was
computed as
365.25858 days,
which is only 3
minutes and 20
seconds longer than
the modern value of
365.2563627 days.

Bhaskara I
continued what Aryabatta left
off
pi as irrational number
calculated the sine function
which was 99% accurate
first to consider quadrilateral
with all sides unequal and none
of the opposite sides are
parallel

Bhaskara II
(1114 1185 AD)
Bhaskaracharya was
one of Indias
greatest
mathematicians who
made numerous
important
discoveries including
the discovery of the
Calculus

Contributions of
Bhaskara II

Proof for
division by
zero being
infinity

Contributions of
Bhaskara II
first to observe that a
positive number has
two square roots
properties of Surds
solutions of Quadratic,
Cubic and Quartic
equations
quadratic equations
with more than one
unknown

Contributions of
Bhaskara II

discovery of the derivative

(tatkalika gati instantaneous velocity)
showed that the derivative of the sine
function is cosine
discovered Rolle's theorem - a special

Contributions of
Bhaskara II
gave the chakravala
(cyclic) method to
solve the general
form of Pell's
equation
first to use symbols
for unknowns in
algebra
Computation of (5
decimal places)

Contributions of
Bhaskara II
discovered the
trigonometric formula

Madhava of
Sangamagramm
a 1350- 1425 AD
made major
discoveries in
calculus including
important advances
in infinite series
expansions for
trigonometric
functions

Credits to
Madhavas Name
power series expansion of
tan-1(x) (Gregorys Series)

Credits to
Madhavas Name
computed an extremely
close approximation of as
3.14159265359

Srinivas
Ramanujan 1887
1920

sent a set of 120

theorems to Professor
Godfrey Harold Hardy
of Cambridge
any big number can be
written as sum of not
more than four prime
numbers
1729 = 13 + 123
= 93 + 103

Islamic
Mathematics

Islamic Empire

established across Persia, the Middle East

Central Asia, North Africa, Iberia and part
of India from the 8th Century onwards
fused together the mathematical
developments of bothGreeceand India.

Islamic
Mathematics
used of complex geometric
patterns to decorate their
buildings

Islamic
Mathematics

Islamic
Mathematics
Quran itself
encouraged the
accumulation
of knowledge
9th 15th
century
Golden Age of
Islamic science
and
mathematics

House of
th
Wisdom (9
Century)
established by
Caliph al-Rashid and
ruled Caliph alMamun
a library and a place
for translation and
research
translated Greek
and Hindu treatises
to Arabic

Muhammad AlKhwarizmi
early Director of the
House of Wisdom in
the 9th Century
algorithm is
derived from the
Latinization of his
name
"algebra" is derived
from the Latinization
of "al-jabr"

Al-Khwarizmis
Contributions
Strong advocacy of
Hindu numerical
system
introduced the
Hindu concept of
decimal positioning
notation to the Arab
and European worlds

Al-Khwarizmis
Kitab al-jabr
wal-muqabalah
al-jabr and almuqabalah operations

COMP
LETI
NGT
HE
SQU
ARE

Al-Khwarizmis
Contributions
developed a formula for
systematically solving
quadratic equations by
using the methods of
completion and balancing

Thabit ben Qurra

(826901)
On the Justification of
the Algebraic Problems
by Geometric Proofs
studied number theory
proved theorem about
finding pairs of amicable
numbers
corrected an earlier
translation of the
Elements

Thabit ben Qurra

(826901)
developed a
general formula
by which
amicable
numbers could
be derived

Thbit ibn Qurra

theorem
wheren> 1 is anintegerandp,q,
andrareprime numbers, then
2npqand 2nr are a pair of
amicable numbers. This formula
gives the pairs (220, 284) forn=2,
(17296, 18416) forn=4, and
(9363584, 9437056) forn=7, but
no other such pairs are known.
Numbers of the form 32n1 are
known asThabit numbers. In order
for Ibn Qurra's formula to produce
an amicable pair, two consecutive
Thabit numbers must be prime;
this severely restricts the possible

Muhammad AlKaraji
10th century Persian
mathematician
introduced the
theory of algebraic
calculus
first to use the
method of proof by
mathematical
induction (Binomial
Theorem)

Ibn Al-Haytham
(9651040)
author of numerous
works on optics,
spherical geometry,
number theory
discovered Wilsons
Theorem
for any prime p, 1 +
(p 1)! is divisible
by p
Alhazen's problem

Omar Khayyam
10481131
generalizedIndianmetho
ds for extracting square
and cube roots to include
fourth, fifth and higher
roots
studied cubic equations
Treatise on
Demonstration of
Problems of Algebra

Nasir Al-Din AlTusi

th
13 Century
first to treat
trigonometry as a
separate
mathematical
discipline
gave the first
extensive
exposition of
spherical
trigonometry

Nasir Al-Din AlTusi

th
13 Century
formulated law of sines for plane
triangles
a

(sinA)=b(sinB)=c(sinC)

sine law for spherical triangles by

Persians Abul Wafa Buzjani and Abu Nasr
Mansur (10th century)

Kamal al-Din alFarisi

13th Century Persian
Mathematician
applied the theory of
conic sections to solve
optical problems
amicable numbers,
factorization and
combinatorial methods

Ian al-Banna alMarrakushi

13th century
Moroccan
Mathematicians
studied geometry,
computing square
roots and the
theory of
continued fractions
binomial
coefficients

Ian al-Banna alMarrakushi

If we denote the binomial

coefficientpchoosekbypCkthen alBanna shows that
pC2=p(p-1)/2
pC3=pC2(p-2)/3
pCk=pCk-1(p- (k- 1) )/k.

Ian al-Banna alMarrakushi

... the ternary combination is thus obtained
by multiplying the third of the third term
preceding the given number; and so we
always multiply the combination that
precedes the combination sought by the
number that precedes the given number, and
whose distance to it is equal to the number
of combinations sought. From the product,
we take the part that names the number of
combinations.

References

http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/I
ndia/Harappa.html
http://www.harappa.com/indus/21.html
http://www.tambourine.in/tmbn_wp/co
ntent/science-page/and_maths_was_bo
rn_episode_2/
http://www.math10.com/en/maths-histor
y/math-history-in-india/Bakhshali/bak

References

http://www.slideshare.net/krishnakum
awat/vedic-mathematics-ppt
http://pages.intnet.mu/cueboy/educati
on/maths/history/history/indiansulbas
utras.htm
http://archaeologyonline.net/artifacts
/history-mathematics
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CyclicQu

References

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SeriesE
xpansion.html
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Maclaur
inSeries.html
http://www.storyofmathematics.com/is
lamic_alkhwarizmi.html
http://www.slideshare.net/guest05e00
d/islamic-mathematics

References

http://www.storyofmathematics.com/in
dian.html
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/
entry/Aryabhata
http://pages.intnet.mu/cueboy/educati
on/maths/history/history/indiansulbas
utras.htm
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/B