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Lexicography
Patrick Hanks
formerly Chief Editor,
Current English Dictionaries,
Oxford University Press
Outline
The purpose of a monolingual dictionary
History of English monolingual dictionaries
Some milestones
Examples of earlier English lexicography
Lexicography is accretive
One dictionary builds on another.
William Dwight Witney (1891): The Century Dictionary
neither in meaning nor in form is language to be dominated by its past
10
13
Donne.
14
15
16
PHLEGM, 2. water.
A linen cloth, dipped in common spirit of wine, is not burnt by the
flame, because the phlegm of the liquor defends the cloth.
Boyle.
[But Greek phlegma means fire! The meaning change (to liquid
secretion, via inflammation of the body) took place in Late Latin]
17
Aspects of Johnson
18
19
22
Cobuild (1987)
alcohol
1.
2.
23
BNC freq.
131
114
53
23
35
38
5
7
MI score
34.0
31.3
18.2
17.7
15.3
11.3
10.1
9.2
24
25
26
27
Cobuild (1987)
alchemy
1.
2.
28
29
Words and senses interact with one another. Dictionaries have their
own kind of textual discourse structure. They are not just lists.
30
Selecting entries
All the words of a language?
The dictionary as as inventory of the language
But the inventory of a living language has no fixed
size: neologisms, slang, foreign borrowings, technical
jargon, etc., etc.
32
Boxed features
Page design: breaking the monotony of the page.
Boxed features for usage notes, historical asides,
and other subsidiary information. Example:
USAGE
34
Arrangement of senses
On historical principles? (oldest sense first)
camera 1. a small room. 2. the treasury of the papal curia.
3. a device for taking photographs.
35
Conclusions
The purpose(s) of monolingual dictionaries:
To answer all of everbodys questions about words,
without knowing in advance what the questions are
going to be.
The lexicographer must consider the needs,
expectations, and limitations of the dictionary user.