Introduction

EECS 325/425
Michael Rabinovich

michael.rabinovich@case.edu

Introduction

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Logistics
Lecture time: Wed/Fri 9:00-10:15am
Office hours: Wednesdays 1:00-2:00pm or by

appointment (Olin 507)

Grading:

Homeworks: 25%

To be turned in on the due date BEFORE class

Overdue homework loses 10% of value once past due and further 10%
every 24 hours (including weekends etc.)
Homework not accepted once its over 72 hours passed due

Projects: 20%
Midterm: 20%
Final: 35%

Text: Kurose and Ross, Computer Networks: a top-down

approach. 6th Edition

Course information/documents: Blackboard

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Key Advice: Be Resourceful!

I learned everything from the book.
Study groups
Office hours
TAs
Whatever works!

Study groups:
OK to discuss homework/project
OK to explain a homework solution to each other
as long as no one takes notes with them from

discussion!

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Understanding Computer
Networks
What happens when I click on this link?

http://cnn.com
A number of computers across the country are involved
Hundreds of kilobytes travel thousands of miles

Handled by dozens of relay devices

A number of protocols work together: HTTP, DNS, UDP,

TCP, IP, BGP, OSPF, ARP, Ethernet, WiFi

A number of companies get involved
The course objective: a peak behind the scene.

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Course Objectives
Provide basic overview of the networking area
Internet protocol stack
Protocol examples at application, transport, network, and
link layers
Internet hierarchy, addressing, routing algorithms
Prepare for in-depth study in selected areas
Gain initial experience in creating network

applications
Get exposure to low-level network programming
Not a vocational course!

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Disclaimer:

These lecture notes are based heavily on the slides provided by the
authors of the book. All material provided by the authors should be
considered as belonging to their copyright: 1996-2012 by J.F Kurose
and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved.

These lecture notes also include modifications made by previous

instructors as well as my own.

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Whats the Internet: an architecture view

millions of connected

mobile network

computing devices: hosts

PCs, servers, laptops, smartphones

running network apps

Email, Web, Games, P2P

communication links

global ISP

End hosts = end systems

home
network

regional ISP

fiber, copper, radio, satellite

routers: forward packets

(chunks of data)
Internet: network of networks
Protocols: HTTP, BitTorrent,
Skype

institutional
network
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Whats a protocol?
human protocols:
At restaurant
At a doctors office
Introductions

Got Time? Protocol

Excuse me
Yes?
What time is it?

specific msgs sent

specific actions taken
when msgs received,
or other events
Define conventions

2:00
Thanks

time

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Whats a network protocol?

machines rather than

humans

Protocols:
define format & order of msgs sent
among network entities,
actions taken on msg receipt, other
events

Web page download

TCP connection
request
TCP connection
response
Get headlines.html

<file>

All communication activity in Internet governed by protocols

Introduction

time

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Whats the Internet: a service view

mobile network

Infrastructure that provides

services to applications:

Web, VoIP, email, games, ecommerce, social nets,

provides programming
interface to apps

global ISP

home
network

regional ISP

hooks that allow apps to

connect to Internet
send messages
receive messages

provides service options,

analogous to postal service
institutional
network
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A closer look at network structure:

network edge:

mobile network

applications and
hosts

access networks:

wired, wireless
communication links

network core:
interconnected
routers
network of
networks

global ISP

home
network

regional ISP

institutional
network
Introduction

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Access networks
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge
router?

residential access nets

institutional access
networks (school,
company)
Wireless access networks

keep in mind:

bandwidth (bits per

second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated?
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Access net: digital subscriber

line (DSL)
central office

DSL splitter
modem

telephone
network

DSLAM

ISP

Use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM (DSL Access

Multiplexer)
data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
Frequency division multiplexing:
Dedicated
138 kHz - 1 MHz for downstream
25 kHz - 138 kHz for upstream
0 kHz - 4 kHz for ordinary telephone

Links!

< 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)

Introduction
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< 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)

Access net: cable

network

cable headend

cable splitter
modem

cable modem
termination system

ISP
frequency division
multiplexing: data,
TV transmitted at
different
frequencies over
shared cable network

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Shared access

Channels

HFC: hybrid fiber coax

asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream
transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream

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Access Net: Other Examples

AT&T U-Verse
Verizon FiOS

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Access net: home

network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access
point (54 Mbps)

router, firewall, NAT

wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)
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Enterprise access networks

(Ethernet)
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet
switch

institutional mail,
web servers

typically used in companies, universities, etc

10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates

today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch
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Wireless access networks

shared wireless access network connects end system to router

via base station aka access point

wireless LANs:
within building (100 ft)
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54
Mbps transmission rate

wide-area wireless access

provided by telco (cellular)
operator, 10s km
between 1 and 10 Mbps
3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet
to Internet
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The Network Core

mesh of interconnected

routers
the fundamental
question: how is data
transferred through net?
circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per
call: telephone net
packet-switching: data
sent thru net in
discrete chunks
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Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources
reserved for call
link bandwidth, switch

capacity
dedicated resources:
no sharing
circuit-like
(guaranteed)
performance
call setup required

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Network Core: Circuit Switching

network resources
(e.g., bandwidth)
divided into slices
slices allocated to calls

dividing link bandwidth

into slices
frequency division
time division

idle if not
used by owning call (no
sharing)

resource slice

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Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM

Example:

FDM

4 users
frequency
time

TDM

frequency
time

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Network Core: Packet Switching

each end-end data stream
divided into packets
packets from different
users share network
resources
each packet uses full link
bandwidth
resources used as needed
Bandwidth division into slices
Dedicated allocation
Resource reservation

resource contention:
aggregate resource
demand can exceed
available capacity
congestion: packets
queue, wait for link use
store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time

Node receives complete

packet before forwarding

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Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing

10 Mb/s
Ethernet

A
B

statistical multiplexing

1.5 Mb/s
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern,

shared on demand statistical multiplexing.
TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
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Packet switching versus circuit switching

Packet switching allows more users to use network!
1 Mb/s link
each user:
100 Kb/s when active
active 10% of time
circuit-switching:
10 users

N users
1 Mbps link

packet switching:
with 35 users,
probability > 10 active
less than .0004
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Packet switching versus circuit switching

Is packet switching a slam dunk winner?
Great for bursty data

resource sharing
simpler, no call setup
Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control
No guaranteed performance
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps

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Packet-switching: datagram and virtual

circuit networks
Goal: move packets through routers from source to
destination
datagram network:

destination address in packet determines next hop

Path may change from one datagram to another
Routers forget about a datagram after forwarding to next
hop

virtual circuit network:

each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag
determines next hop
fixed path determined at call setup time, remains the same
thru call
routers maintain per-call state
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Network Taxonomy
Telecommunication
networks

Packet-switched
networks

Circuit-switched
networks

FDM

TDM

CDM

Networks
with VCs

Datagram
Networks

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