CGE535

ELECTRICAL AND
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

Munawar Zaman Shahruddin

Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam
munawar_zaman@salam.uitm.edu.my
Tel: 03-5544 8019; 019-249 0416
1

Week 2-4
Chapter 2: Electric Circuits

Lesson Outcome
At the end of class, students should be
able to:

State and apply basic circuit laws to solve for currents, voltages and
powers in electric circuits.
Apply the voltage-division and current-division principles to analyze
electric circuit.
Analyze the circuits using the node-voltage and mesh-current
technique.
Apply the Thevenins theorem to analyze the electric circuit.

Electric Circuit

The path that

the current
follows
Consist of but
not limited to a
voltage
Voltage load
source,
source:
andbattery,
conductor

Load:
resistor,
capacitor,
LED, etc

generator, etc

Conductor

Circuit

Fluid Flow Analogy

Batterypump
Chargefluid
Wirepipe
Currentflowrate
VoltageP
Switchvalve
5

Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Series
Parallel
Series-Parallel (Combination)
Open Circuit
Closed/Short Circuit
6

TOPIC 1:
Circuit/resistor in
parallel and series.
7

Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Parallel
Circuit/Resistors

Series
Circuit/Resistors

Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Series-Parallel Circuit/Resistors
9

Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Closed Circuit

Open Circuit

10

Series Circuit/Resistors
In a series circuit, the current
flow is the same throughout the
circuit
RT=R1+R2+R3+Rn

11

Example 1
According to the figure,
determine IT

12

Example 1
Given VT=12 V, R1=560 ,
R2=680 , R3=1000
Therefore,
RT=R1+R2+R3=560+680+1000
=2240
Based on Ohms Law:
IT=VT/RT=12/2240= 0.0054 A

13

Parallel Circuit/Resistors
In a parallel circuit, the current
divides among the branches of
the circuit and recombines on
returning to the voltage source.
1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
+1/Rn

14

Example 2
According to the figure,
determine R2

15

Example 2
Given VT=120 V, IT=0.2 A,
R1=1000 , R3=5600
Based on Ohms Law:
RT=VT/IT=120/0.2= 600
According to parallel circuit,
1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
1/600=1/1000+1/R2+1/5600;

16

Tips on Solving Series and Parallel

Circuit

Draw a schematic of the circuit and

label all known quantities
Solve for equivalent circuits and
redraw the circuit
Solve for the unknown quantities

17

END OF TOPIC 1

18

TOPIC 2:
Kirchhoffs Law
19

Overview
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
(1789-1854)

Kirchhoffs Law was introduced in

1845 by G. R. Kirchhoff as an
extension work of Ohm which
solve calculation of currents,
voltages and resistances in
electrical circuits with multiple
20

Basic in term in the electric circuit

Branch/Junction any portion of a circuit
with two terminals connected to it. A branch
may consist of one or more circuit elements.
Node junction of two or more branches.
Loop any closed connection of branches.
Mesh exclusive loop/does not contain
other loop

21

EXAMPLE 3

Find the branches, nodes, loops and meshes in the

following circuit:

22

Kirchhoffs Law
First Law: Kirchhoffs Current Law
(Junction Rule)
Second Law: Kirchhoffs Voltage
Law (Loop/Mesh Rule)

23

First Law: Kirchhoffs Current Law

The sum of the currents at a

node must equal zero (since
charge cannot be created but
must be conserved)

24

First Law: Kirchhoffs Current Law

Node a: I1 I2
I3 = 0
Node b: I2 + I3
I1 = 0

25

Example 4

i2=3A,
i3=3A,
i6=2A,
i5=-2A,
i7=1A
Hint: Search all
possible
nodes
one to another 26

Second Law: Kirchhoffs Volatge Law

The
net voltage around a closed

circuit is zero (no energy is lost or

created in an electric circuit termthe sum of all voltages associated
with the sources must equal the
sum of the load voltages
27

Second Law: Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

Mesh ABEF: Vs V1 V2 = 0

Mesh BCDE: V2 V3 V4 = 0
Loop ABCDEF: Vs V1 V3
V4 = 0

28

Example 5
Mesh 1: V1 = 8 12 = - 4 V
Mesh 2: V2 = 6 12 = -6 V
Mesh 3: V3 = 10 6 = 4 V
Mesh 4: V4 = 8- 10 = -2 V
V2+v3+v4-v1=-6+4-2+4
verified!

=0

29

Circuit Analysis
Previously, you have already learned a
part of the circuit analysis which are:
Series and Parallel Circuit/Resistors
Kirchhoffs Law

The aim of circuit analysis is to solve

the circuit problem with regards to the
value of R, I, V or P.
30

Circuit Analysis
There are another part of circuit
analysis to be learned which are:

Voltage Divider Rule

Current Divider Rule
Wye Delta Transformation
Resistive Circuit/Network Analysis MeshCurrent
/Node-Voltage Analysis

Thevenins Theorem

31

Voltage Divider Rule

Consider
circuit:

the

following

series

.
.
.

32

Example 6
Find R by using Voltage Divider Rule

33

Example 6
First, solve the parallel
resistor-load(rl):
Rload=3.2/10-2=320
Rrl=(1/470+1/320)1=190.4
According to VDR,
Vload=Vsource(Rrl/R+Rrl)
3.2=20(190.4)/(R+190.4)
So,
R=(20(190.4)/3.2)190.4

34

Current Divider Rule

Consider the following parallel
circuit:
I=I +I ++I
1

35

Example 7
Consider the following parallel circuit:
30V

10

Calculate I1 and I2 based on Current Divider

Rule
36

Example 7

30V

10

RT=(1/5+1/10)-1=3.33; I = 30/3.33 = 9 A
I1=G1/(G1+G2)x I = ((1/5)/(1/5+1/10))x9 = 6 A
I2=I-I1=9-6=3 A
37

END OF TOPIC 2

38

TOPIC 3: WyeDelta
Transformation
39

Wye-Delta-Wye Transformation
Instead of combination between series and parallel resistors,
it can be a situation where the circuit does not follow either
pattern/network such as: Y or T network and or network

Y
Networ

T
Networ

40

Wye-Delta-Wye Transformation

Network

Network
41

Delta-Wye Transformation

42

Delta-Wye Transformation
Each resistance in the network Y is the sum of the product
of two adjacent branches of the resistance in the delta
network, divided by the sum of the three resistance in delta

43

Wye-Delta Transformation
Each resistance in delta network is the product of the total
resistance of all the Y taken twice at a time, divided by the
resistance against the network Y

44

Example 8
By referring to the following circuit, find R T

45

Example 8
Should be
transformed

46

Example 8

47

Example 8

Parallel
Network

Based on Parallel Network

analysis,
Rn=2+12||6+12 = 14||18 =
7.875
So, RT=20+3+7.875 = 30.875

48

END OF TOPIC 3

49

TOPIC 4: Resistive
Circuit Analysis &
Thevenins Theorem
50

Resistive Network Analysis

So far, we have already cover the
topic circuit analysis with one
voltage or current source, what if
there are more than one
sources? That is why we have
Resistive Network Analysis in
solving aforementioned circuit

51

Mesh Analysis
Mesh analysis is based on
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law. Normally
the current direction can be
assumed as clockwise.
All positive-negative charge at
resistor should be labeled
respectively.

52

Mesh Analysis
Mesh 1:
VA-V1-VL1=0
VA=I1R1+RL1(I1-I2)
VA=I1(R1+RL1)-I2RL1
Mesh 2:
VL1-V2-VB=0
VB=RL1(I2-I1)-I2R2
VB=I2(RL1-R2)-I1RL1
53

Mesh Analysis

the equation using Linear Algebraic Equation

Solve
Solution
Technique:
VA=I1(R1+RL1)-I2RL1
VB=I2(RL1-R2)-I1RL1
Use Cramers Rule to solve it!

54

Example 9
Consider the following circuit:

Find I in each mesh

55

Example 9
Mesh 1:
20-6I1-10(I1-I3)-4(I1-I2)+10=0
I1(6+10+4)-4I2-10I3=30

20I1-4I2-10I3=30
Mesh 2:
-10-4(I2-I1)-11(I2-I3)-8-3I2=0
-4I1+I2(4+11+3)-11I3=-18

-4I1+18I2-11I3=-18
Mesh 3:
8-11(I3-I2)-10(I3-I1)-9I3+12=0
-10I1-11I2+I3(11+10+9)=20
-10I1-11I2+30I3=20

56

Example 9
20I1-4I2-10I3=30
-4I1+18I2-11I3=-18
-10I1-11I2+30I3=20

Cramers
Rule

I1=2.47
3A
I2=0.59
4A
I3=1.70

57

Exercise 1

Find I in

I1=0.5 A
I2=-0.12
A
I3=0.06
A mesh
each
58

Supermesh

A supermesh occurs when a current source is contained

between two essential meshes.
The circuit is first treated as if the current source is not
there. This leads to one equation that incorporates two
mesh currents.
Once this equation is formed, an equation is needed that
relates the two mesh currents with the current source.
This will be an equation where the current source is equal
to one of the mesh currents minus the other.
The following is a simple example of dealing with a
supermesh.
59

Supermesh

Mesh 1,2 (assume no current

source):
Vs-I1R1-I2R2=0
I1R1-I2R2=Vs
Current source eq: Is=I2-I1

60

Example 10
Find i1 and i2

61

Example 10

Mesh 1,2 (assume no current

source):
Vs-I1R1-I2R2=12-9I1-3I2-6I2=0
9I1+9I2=12
Current source eq: I2-I1=1.5
I2=1.5+I1
So, 9I1+9(I1+1.5)=12
18I1+13.5=12
I1=-1.5/18=-0.083 A
I2=1.5-0.083=1.417 A

62

EXERCISE 2

Write down the equation to solve the following mesh

analysis:

63

Nodal Analysis
Nodal analysis is based on
Kirchhoffs Current Law. Every
point at the junction can be
treated as node and one node is
assigned as reference node.
The aim is to determine the
voltage in the circuit.

64

Nodal Analysis
Consider the following circuit:
R5

65

Nodal Analysis
Recognize the nodes first
Node 1:
R5

I1+I2+I3=0

66

Nodal Analysis

Node 2:
R5

I4+I5+I6=0

67

Nodal Analysis
To obtain Vnode1 and Vnode2, the
equation should be order and
solve as Linear Algebraic

Equation (Cramers Rule)

68

Example 11
Based on the following circuit,
find Ix and Px

Ix=2.33A
Px=27.1

69

Supernode

In this circuit, we initially have two unknown voltages,

V1 and V2.
The voltage at V3 is already known to be VB because
the other terminal of the voltage source is at ground
potential.
The current going through voltage source VA cannot
be directly calculated. Therefore we can not write the
current equations for either V1 or V2.
However, we know that the same current leaving
node V2 must enter node V1. Even though the nodes
can not be individually solved, we know that the
combined current of these two nodes is zero.
This combining of the two nodes is called the
supernode technique, and it requires one additional
equation:
V1 = V2 + VA.

70

Example 12
Based on the following circuit,
find Va and Vb

71

Example 12
Supernode:
-1.5+Va/6+3.5+Vb/3=0
Va/6+Vb/3=-2
Voltage source: Vb=12+Va
Va/6+(12+Va)/3=-2
Va=-12 V
Vb=0 (surprise?yes its true)

72

Thevenin's Theorem
Leon Charles Thevenin
(1789-1854)

Any two output terminals A&B of an active linear network

containing independent sources (voltage/current sources)
can be replaced by a simple voltage source of magnitude
VTh in series with RTh .

RTh is the equivalent resistance of the network when

looking from the output terminals A&B with all sources
(voltage/current sources) removed and replaced by their
internal resistances.
VTh is equal to the open circuit voltage across the A&B
terminal.
This will simplify the complicated circuit network as it will

73

Thevenin's Theorem
A

Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

Looking from backward

74

Example 13

Simplified the following circuit and find Rth

Should the value of voltage source is 10 V, find Vth
Next draw the Thevenins Equivalent Circuit
A

B
75

Example 13

Simplified the following circuit and find Rth

*3 12=64=2.4
76

Example 13

Final form:

77

Example 8

By removing voltage source, determine RTH:

RTH=((((102.4)+1)2.4)+1)5
RTH=1.58

78

Example 13

VTH can be obtained by any circuit analysis e.g. mesh

analysis

Mesh 1: 12.4I1-2.4I2=10
Mesh 2: -2.4I1+5.8I2-2.4I3=0
Mesh 3: 2.4I2=8.4I3

VTH

By solving the sets of equations,

Current @ 5
resistorI3=0.119 A
So, VTH=0.119 x 5 = 0.6 V
79

Example 13

With the value of RTH and VTH, the Thevenins Equivalent

Circuit can be obtained:
RTH=1.58

80

Maximum Power Transfer

A resistive network contains independent and
dependent sources.
A load is connected to a pair of terminals labeled
a b.
What value of load resistance permits maximum
power delivery to the load?

81

Maximum Power Transfer

82

Maximum Power Transfer

p = i R

V
Th
R

Th

+ R

83

Maximum Power Transfer

dp
dR
(R
R

= V
Th
L

+ R )
Th
L

(R

= R

Th

+ R )
Th
L

- 2R (R
+ R )
L Th
L
4
(R
+ R )
Th
L

= 2R

load

(R

= 0

+ R )
Th
L

84

Maximum Power Transfer

2

max

= I R

V
Th
(2R )
L

max

V
Th
4R

L
85

Example 14
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer
to RL. Next find the maximum power that can be
delivered to RL.

86

Example 14

RL=RTH=15030=25
VL=VTH=(150/180)x360=
300 V
So, P=VTH2/4RTH=3002/
(4x25)
= 900 W
87

Conclusion

Kirchhoffs Law
Voltage/Current Divider Rule
Wye delta transformation
Mesh-Nodal Analysis
Thevenins Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer

88

Past Years Questions

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Past Years Questions

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Past Years Questions

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Past Years Questions

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Past Years Questions

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Past Years Questions

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Past Years Questions

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