8.

Plant Structures

Plants Basic Structures

Blade

Dicot

petiole

Bud = undeveloped
stems
(may give rise to
new leaves,
branches or flowers)

Brussel Sprouts

Do Question 8.1
Make a Table
Tomato
Green Bean
Lettuce
Baking Potato
Sweet Potato
Carrots

Onion
Celery
Cauliflower
Cabbage
Brussel Sprouts
Corn

Tomato - fruit
(Ovary)

Bean & Peanut

Fruit
(Ovary)

Lettuce
Leaves

Modified stem

Sweet Potato storage root

Storage Root

Onion - leaves

*Still a storage organ

Stem

Petiole

Cauliflower - Flower Buds

Terminal Bud

Axillary Bud

Corn - embryo

Plants Basic Structures

Plants Basic Structures

Shoot
System:
stems,
leaves &
flowers
Root
System anchors
plant and
provides
nutrients

Young Root

Radish

Question 8.2

Indeterminate vs. Determinate

Growth
Primary vs. Secondary Growth
Meristems apical vs. lateral
Meristems are areas of cell
division

Shoot

Apical meristem

Leaf primordia

Developing
vascular
strand

Make sure
you know the
meristematic
region

Axillary bud
meristems

0.25 mm

Question 8.3

Three Cell Types

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

- Basic cell unit for

vascular plants
- Relatively large,
undifferentiated, and
have thin primary
walls
- Alive at functional
maturity

Parenchyma Cells
They are most cells that
have a specialized name:
Chlorplasts, leukoplasts etc

- Progenitor of
meristems are
parenchyma,
therefore, all plant
cells arise from
parenchyma cells
and differentiate into
other tissues

Collenchyma Cells

- Smaller than
parenchyma
cells
- Thicker cell
wall
- Alive at
functional
maturity
- Support stems
and leaves

Sclerenchyma Cells
- More specialized
for support
- Thick secondary
cell wall
- Dead at maturity
- 2 Types:
1) Cell Cement
2) Stem Support

Another way to organize a plant!

Three basic
tissue
systems
1)Dermal
2)Ground
3)Vascular

Internal Leaf Anatomy

Epidermis
outer cells
1st layer of cells.
The skin that
holds everything
together.

Dermal Layer

Internal Leaf Anatomy

Cuticle
(outer most layer)
a waxy substance
that seals up spaces
between cells to
protect against
water loss, but also
blocks CO2 from
coming into the
leaf.

Dermal Layer

Dermal Layer

Internal Leaf Anatomy

Stomata An
opening in lower
epidermis (the hole!)
where CO2 moves
into the leaf.

Stoma(sl.)
Stomata (pl.)

Guard cells
Open and closes stomata balances
CO2 intake with water loss. Open
during the day and closed at night.

Internal Leaf Anatomy

Two zones of
photosynthetic
parenchyma tissue
termed mesophyll.
palisade vs. spongy
form follows
function

Ground Tissue

Internal Leaf Anatomy

Leaf Veins
Xylem
(on top)
delivers water.
Phloem
(on bottom)
takes up sugar and
delivers the sap
sugar solution that
the plant cells
need.

Question 8.2

Apical meristem

Leaf primordia

Developing
vascular
strand

Axillary bud
meristems

0.25 mm

Question 8.3

Notice the three tissue systems dermal, ground & vascular

Question 8.4

Question 8.5

Question 8.5

Plastids
Separate regions of a cell
with a membrane.
Often storage places!

Questions 8.6

Questions 8.6 & 8.7

Question 8.9

Leaf Cross Section

Questions 8.12

Questions

Do Questions 8.2-8.9 & 8.12

Q2 see demo
Q3 see prepared slide
Q4 make slide and fill-in picture on p. 148
Q6 & Q7 make slides
Q9 see demo
Q12 see prepared slide

Start Next Section

Plant Root Longitudinal

Cross Section

Root Cross section

(dicot)
FYI we are not showing you a
monocot root

Question 8.11

Plants Basic Structures

Shoot
System:
stems,
leaves &
flowers
Root
System anchors
plant and
provides
nutrients

Questions 8.10

See Demo!

Leaf Veins

Questions 8.10

Leaf veins bundles of vascular

tissue that transport water and food

Eudicots netted leaf

veins (not parallel)
Monocots
parallel veins
also leaves
wrap around
the stem.

Primary vs. Secondary Growth

Herbaceous Dicot Stem

epidermis (outer skin)

Primary Growth

vascular bundles
(circular arrangement)
Pith
(inside ring of bundles)

phloem
(outside)
xylem (inside)

cortex

Primary Growth
Phloem

Xylem

Sclerenchyma
(fiber cells)

Ground tissue
connecting
pith to cortex

Dicot Stem
Pith

Key
Epidermis

Cortex

Vascular
bundle
1 mm

Dermal
Ground
Vascular

(a) A eudicot stem. A eudicot stem (sunflower), with

vascular bundles forming a ring. Ground tissue toward
the inside is called pith, and ground tissue toward the
outside is called cortex. (LM of transverse section)

Questions 8.13
1 mm
LOOK AT SMALLEST
CROSS SECTON

Figure 35.18 Vascular Bundles in Stems (Part 1)

Primary Growth

Questions 8.13

Herbaceous Monocot Stem

epidermis (outer skin)
vascular bundles
(scattered bundles)
phloem
(outside)
xylem (inside)
Ground tissue

Primary Growth
Phloem

Xylem
Ground
tissue

Sclerenchyma
(fiber cells)

Monocot Stem
Pith

Epidermis

Key
Epidermis

Cortex

Vascular
bundle
1 mm

Questions 8.14

Dermal
Ground
Vascular

Vascular
bundles
1 mm

(b) A monocot stem. A monocot stem (maize) with vascular

bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue. In such an
arrangement, ground tissue is not partitioned into pith and
cortex. (LM of transverse section)

Questions 8.14

Internal Anatomy of Stems

scattered
arrangement

circular
arrangement

Can tell the difference between monocot and eudicot

stems by arrangement of vascular bundles.
Primary Growth

Primary Growth
Phloem

Xylem

Sclerenchyma
(fiber cells)

Ground
tissue

Ground tissue
connecting
pith to cortex

Pith

Epidermis

Key
Epidermis

Cortex

Vascular
bundle
1 mm

Dermal
Ground
Vascular

(a) A eudicot stem. A eudicot stem (sunflower), with

vascular bundles forming a ring. Ground tissue toward
the inside is called pith, and ground tissue toward the
outside is called cortex. (LM of transverse section)

Vascular
bundles
1 mm

(b) A monocot stem. A monocot stem (maize) with vascular

bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue. In such an
arrangement, ground tissue is not partitioned into pith and
cortex. (LM of transverse section)

Questions
Do questions 10 & 11, and 13 & 14
Q10 Demo
Q11, Q12, Q13 & Q14 Prepared Slides
For Q13 Make sure you look at the
smallest cross section on the slide

Secondary Growth Wood

Some eudicots will live long enough & go
through secondary growth = woody
structures.
Secondary growth = radial direction
Due to lateral meristems

Two types of lateral meristems: vascular

cambium and cork cambium.

Woody Eudicot Stem

Vascular cambium gives rise
to 2nd xylem and 2nd phloem.

Vascular cambium

Cork cambium
Cork Cambium gives rise
to outer bark this
provides protection.

Cambium
Area of cell division!

Secondary Growth

Questions 8.16

(pith rays)
Make sure you know what the vascular cambium is and where it is

Questions 8.16

Spring Wood Vs. Summer Wood

Questions 8.16

Spring Wood Vs. Summer Wood

Spring wood

Summer wood

Annual Ring

Located in 2nd xylem

Questions 8.16

Spring Wood Vs. Summer Wood

Spring wood

Summer wood

Spring Wood Vs. Summer Wood

3rd year
2nd year
1st year

Dendrochronology
Science of studying
tree rings

Soft Wood vs. Hard Wood

Gymnosperms soft wood (e.g., pine)

Angiosperm eudicots Hard woods (e.g.,

oak, mahogany, cherry)

Heartwood vs. Sapwood

Sapwood

Heart wood

Bark
Bark
The bark of trees
consists of cork, cork
cambium, cortex, and
phloem
Suberin

Figure 35.22 Lenticels Allow Gas Exchange through the Periderm

The
underlying
tissue in the
stem that is
living still
needs to
exchange
gases with
the outside
air

Model Pictures

Terms & Ideas You Do Not Need to Know

Fig. 8-B the zones of the plant root
Just need to know what parts have 1 o & 2o cell walls, and that they are made
from cellulose. You dont need to know how they are structured or what pectin
is.
You dont need to know these terms in xylem and phloem tissue (tracheids,
vessel members, sieve-tube cells, and companion cells). But you do need to
know what xylem and phloem do, and where they are in the plant be able to
ID the tissue.
You dont need to know the parts of a monocot or dicot seed (figs. 8.F and 8.G).
But you do need to be able to distinguish between what monocot and dicot seeds
look like.
You dont need to know the following terms: periderm, cork or cork cambium
(but make sure you know what vascular cambium is. What it does and where it
is located.)

 Do questions 15 & 16

Stop Here!

Collard Greens
Leaves