Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
References
Books covering basics of MR physics:
E. Mark Haacke, et al 1999 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and
Sequence Design.
C.P. Slichter 1978 (1992) Principles of Magnetic Resonance.
A. Abragam 1961 (1994) Principles of Nuclear Magnetism.
References
Online resources for introductory review of MR physics:
Robert Coxs book chapters online
http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni/edu/
See Background Information on MRI section
Mark Cohens intro Basic MR Physics slides
http://porkpie.loni.ucla.edu/BMD_HTML/SharedCode/MiscShared.html
Douglas Nolls Primer on MRI and Functional MRI
http://www.bme.umich.edu/~dnoll/primer2.pdf
Joseph Hornaks Web Tutorial, The Basics of MRI
http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/mri-main.htm
Timeline of MR Imaging
1972 Damadian
patents idea for large
NMR scanner to
detect malignant
tissue.
1920
1973 Lauterbur
publishes method for
generating images
using NMR gradients.
1930
1940
1985 Insurance
reimbursements for
MRI exams begin.
MRI scanners
become clinically
prevalent.
1950
1960
1959 Singer
measures blood flow
using NMR (in mice).
1970
1980
1973 Mansfield
independently
publishes gradient
approach to MR.
1975 Ernst
develops 2D-Fourier
transform for MR.
1990
2000
1944: Rabi
Physics (Measured magnetic moment of nucleus)
Equipment
4T magnet
RF Coil
B0
gradient coil
(inside)
Magnet
Gradient Coil
RF Coil
Shimmingrf
rf gradient
coil
coil
main
magnet
main
magnet
Transmit
Receive
Control
Computer
Angular Momentum
J = m=mvr
J
m
magnetic moment = J
where is the gyromagnetic ratio,
and it is a constant for a given nucleus
A Single Proton
There is electric charge
on the surface of the
proton, thus creating a
small current loop and
generating magnetic
moment .
Mz
M
Mxy = 0
transverse
plane
Longitudinal
magnetization
Transverse
magnetization
Net Magnetization
Bo
Bo
M c
T
The Boltzman equation describes the population ratio of the two energy states:
N-/N+ = e E/kT
Larger B0 produces larger net magnetization M, lined up with B0
Thermal motions try to randomize alignment of proton magnets
At room temperature, the population ratio is roughly 100,000 to 100,006 per Tesla
of B0
Precession Classical
= Bo torque
=
= dJ / dt
J = /
d/dt = ( Bo)
(t) = (xocos Bot + yosin Bot) x + (yocos Bot - xosin Bot) y + zoz
RF Excitation:
On-resonance
Off-resonance
RF Excitation
Excite Radio Frequency (RF) field
transmission coil: apply magnetic field along B1
(perpendicular to B0)
oscillating field at Larmor frequency
frequencies in RF range
B1 is small: ~1/10,000 T
tips M to transverse plane spirals down
analogy: childrens swingset
final angle between B0 and B1 is the flip angle
Transverse
magnetization
B0
B1
Signal Detection
Effect of temperature
Effect of viscosity
Relaxation
Relaxation
T2 Relaxation
Multiple Spin-Echo
HOMEWORK Assignment #1
1) Why does 14N have a magnetic moment, even though its nucleus contains an even number of particles?
2) At 37 deg C in a 3.0 Tesla static magnetic field, what percentage of proton spins are aligned with the field?
3) Derive the spin-lattice (T1) time constant for the magnetization plotted below having boundary conditions:
Mz=M0 at t=0 following a 180 degree pulse; M=0 at t=2.0 sec.