Colorppt

Digital Image Processing
Chapter 5:
Color Image Processing
Spectrum of White Light
1666 Sir Isaac Newton, 24 year old, discovered white light spectrum.
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible light wavelength: from around 400 to 700 nm

1. For an achromatic (monochrome) light source,
there is only 1 attribute to describe the quality: intensity
2. For a chromatic light source, there are 3 attributes to describe
the quality:
Radiance = total amount of energy flow from a light source (Watts)
Luminance = amount of energy received by an observer (lumens)
Brightness = intensity
Sensitivity of Cones in the Human Eye

6-7 millions cones
in a human eye
- 65% sensitive to Red light
- 33% sensitive to Green light
- 2 % sensitive to Blue light
Primary colors:
Defined CIE in 1931
Red = 700 nm
Green = 546.1nm
Blue = 435.8 nm
CIE = Commission Internationale de lEclairage
(The International Commission on Illumination)

Primary and Secondary Colors

Primary
color
Primary
color
Secondary
colors
Primary
color
Primary and Secondary Colors (cont.)

Additive primary colors: RGB
use in the case of light sources
such as color monitors
RGB add together to get white
Subtractive primary colors: CMY

use in the case of pigments in
printing devices
White subtracted by CMY to get
Black

RGB Color Model

Purpose of color models: to facilitate the specification of colors in
some standard
RGB color models:
- based on Cartesian
coordinate system.
The number of bits used
to represent each pixel in
RGB Space is called the
pixel Depth.

RGB Color Cube

R = 8 bits
G = 8 bits
B = 8 bits
Color depth 24 bits

= 16777216 colors
Hidden faces
of the cube
RGB Color Model (cont.)

Red fixed at 127

CMY and CMYK Color Models

C = Cyan
M = Magenta
Y = Yellow
K = Black
C
M

Y
1 R
1 G

1 B
HSI Color Model

RGB, CMY models are not good for human interpreting
HSI Color model:
Hue:
Dominant color
Saturation: Relative purity (inversely proportional
to amount of white light added)
Intensity:
Color carrying
information
Brightness

Color Characterization
Hue:
Saturation:
Brightness:
Hue
Saturation
dominant color corresponding to a dominant

wavelength of mixture light wave.(dominant color as
perceived by an observer).
Relative purity or amount of white light mixed
with a hue (inversely proportional to amount of white
light added)
Intensity
Chromaticity
amount of red (X), green (Y) and blue (Z) to form any particular
color is called tristimulus.
Hue and Saturation on Color Planes
1. A dot is the plane is an arbitrary color

2. Hue is an angle from a red axis.
3. Saturation is a distance to the point.
HSI Color Model (cont.)
Intensity is given by a position on the vertical axis.
HSI Color Model
Intensity is given by a position on the vertical axis.
Example: HSI Components of RGB Cube
RGB Cube
Hue
Saturation
Intensity
Converting Colors from RGB to HSI

H
360
if B G
if B G
(
R
G
)
(
R
B
)
1
2
cos
1/ 2
2
( R G ) ( R B )(G B )
3
S 1
RG B
1
I ( R G B)
3
Converting Colors from HSI to RGB

RG sector: 0 H 120
S cos H
R I 1
cos(
60
H
)
B I (1 S )
G 1 ( R B)
BR sector: 240 H 360
H H 240
S cos H
B I 1
cos(
60
H )
G I (1 S )
R 1 (G B )
GB sector:120 H 240
H H 120
R I (1 S )
S cos H
G I 1
cos(
60
H
)
B 1 (R G)
Example: HSI Components of RGB Colors
RGB
Image
Saturation
Hue
Intensity

Example: Manipulating HSI Components

RGB
Image
Hue
Saturation
Intensity
Hue
Intensity
Saturation
RGB
Image
Color Image Processing

There are 2 types of color image processes
1. Pseudocolor image process: Assigning colors to gray
values based on a specific criterion. Gray scale images to be processed
may be a single image or multiple images such as multispectral images
2. Full color image process: The process to manipulate real
color images such as color photographs.
Pseudocolor Image Processing

Pseudo color = false color : In some case there is no color concept
for a gray scale image but we can assign false colors to an image.
Why we need to assign colors to gray scale image?
Answer: Human can distinguish different colors better than different
shades of gray.

Intensity Slicing or Density Slicing

C1
g ( x, y )
C2
if f ( x, y ) T
if f ( x, y ) T
C1 = Color No. 1
C2 = Color No. 2
Color
Formula:
C2
C1
0
A gray scale image viewed as a 3D surface.
T
Intensity
L-1
Intensity Slicing Example
An X-ray image of a weld with cracks
After assigning a yellow color to pixels with

value 255 and a blue color to all other pixels.

Multi Level Intensity Slicing

g ( x , y ) Ck
for lk 1 f ( x, y ) lk
Color
Ck = Color No. k
lk = Threshold level k
Ck
Ck-1
C3
C2
C1
0
l1
l2
l3
Intensity
lk-1
lk
L-1
Multi Level Intensity Slicing Example

g ( x , y ) Ck
for lk 1 f ( x, y ) lk
An X-ray image of the Picker

Thyroid Phantom.
Ck = Color No. k
lk = Threshold level k
After density slicing into 8 colors

Gray Level to Color Transformation

Assigning colors to gray levels based on specific mapping functions
Red component
Gray scale image
Green component
Blue component

Gray Level to Color Transformation Example

An X-ray image
of a garment bag
(Images from Rafael C.

Gonzalez and Richard
E. Wood, Digital Image
Processing, 2nd Edition.
Color
coded
images
An X-ray image of a
garment bag with a
simulated explosive
device
Transformations
Gray Level to Color Transformation Example

An X-ray image
of a garment bag
Transformations
An X-ray image of a
garment bag with a
simulated explosive
device

Gonzalez and Richard
E. Wood, Digital Image
Color
coded
images
Pseudocolor Coding
Used in the case where there are many monochrome images such as multispectral
satellite images.

Basics of Full-Color Image Processing

2 Methods:
1. Per-color-component processing: process each component separately.
2. Vector processing: treat each pixel as a vector to be processed.i.e
Directly we will work on color pixels.
Example of per-color-component processing: smoothing an image
By smoothing each RGB component separately.

Example: Full-Color Image and Variouis Color Space Components

Color image
CMYK components
RGB components
HSI components
Color Transformation
Use to transform colors to colors.
Formulation:
g ( x , y ) T f ( x, y )
f(x,y) = input color image, g(x,y) = output color image

T = operation on f over a spatial neighborhood of (x,y)
When only data at one pixel is used in the transformation, we
can express the transformation as:
si Ti ( r1 , r2 , , rn )
Where ri = color component of f(x,y)
si = color component of g(x,y)
i= 1, 2, , n
For RGB images, n = 3
Example: Color Transformation

Formula for RGB:
s R ( x, y ) krR ( x, y )
sG ( x, y ) krG ( x, y )
s B ( x, y ) krB ( x, y )
Formula for HSI:
sI ( x, y ) krI ( x, y )
Formula for CMY:
k = 0.7
H,S
sC ( x, y ) krC ( x, y ) (1 k )
sM ( x, y ) krM ( x, y ) (1 k )
sY ( x, y ) krY ( x, y ) (1 k )
These 3 transformations give

the same results.0<k<1.
Color Complements
Color complement replaces each color with its opposite color in the
color circle of the Hue component. This operation is analogous to
image negative in a gray scale image.
Color circle

Color Image Smoothing

2 Methods:
1. Per-color-plane method: for RGB, CMY color models

Smooth each color plane using moving averaging and
the combine back to RGB
1
R ( x, y )
K ( x , y )S xy
1
c ( x, y )
c( x, y )
G ( x, y )
K ( x , y )S xy
K ( x , y )S xy
B
(
x
,
y
)
K ( x ,
y
)
S
xy
2. Smooth only Intensity component of a HSI image while leaving

H and S unmodified.
Note: 2 methods are not equivalent.
Color Image Smoothing Example (cont.)
Color image
Red
Green
Blue

Color image
HSI Components
Hue
Saturation
Intensity

Smooth all RGB components
Smooth only I component of HSI

(faster)

Difference between
smoothed results from 2
methods in the previous
slide.

Color Image Sharpening

We can do in the same manner as color image smoothing:
1. Per-color-plane method for RGB,CMY images
2. Sharpening only I component of a HSI image
Sharpening all RGB components
Sharpening only I component of HSI
Color Image Sharpening Example (cont.)

Difference between
sharpened results from 2
methods in the previous
slide.

Color Segmentation
2 Methods:
1. Segmented in HSI color space:
A thresholding function based on color information in H and S
Components. We rarely use I component for color image
segmentation.
2.
Segmentation in RGB vector space:

A thresholding function based on distance in a color vector space.

Segmentation in HSI model:

Color is conveniently represented in the hue
image.
Saturation is used as a masking image in
order to isolate further regions of interest in
the hue image.
Intensity image is used less frequently for
segmentation of color images. Because it
carries no color information.
Color Segmentation in HSI Color Space

Color image
Hue
Saturation
Intensity

Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image
Color Segmentation in HSI Color Space (cont.)

Binary thresholding of S component
with T = 10%
Product of
2 and 5
Red pixels
7
Wood, Digital Image
Histogram of 6
8
Segmentation of red color pixels
Color Segmentation in HSI Color Space (cont.)
Color image
Segmented results of red pixels

Wood, Digital Image
Color Segmentation in RGB Vector Space

1. Each point with (R,G,B) coordinate in the vector space represents

one color.
2. Segmentation is based on distance thresholding in a vector space
1
g ( x, y )
0
D(u,v) = distance function
if D (c( x, y ), cT ) T
if D (c( x, y ), cT ) T
cT = color to be segmented.
c(x,y) = RGB vector at pixel (x,y).
Example: Segmentation in RGB Vector Space
Color image
Reference color cT to be segmented
cT average color of pixel in the box
Results of segmentation in
RGB vector space with Threshold
value
T = 1.25 times the SD of R,G,B values
In the box
Gradient of a Color Image

Since gradient is define only for a scalar image, there is no concept
of gradient for a color image. We cant compute gradient of each
color component and combine the results to get the gradient of a color
image.
Red
Green
Blue
We see
2 objects.
We see
4 objects.
Edges

Gradient of a Color Image (cont.)

One way to compute the maximum rate of change of a color image
which is close to the meaning of gradient is to use the following
formula: Gradient computed in RGB color space:
1
F ( ) ( g xx g yy ) ( g xx g yy ) cos 2 2 g xy sin 2
2
2 g xy
1
1
tan
g xx g yy
2
2
R
G
B
g xx
x
x
x
R
G
B
g yy
y
y
y
R R G G B B
g xy
x y x y x y
1
2
Gradient of a Color Image Example

2
Obtained using
the formula
in the previous
slide
Original
image
3
Sum of
gradients of
each color
component
Difference
between
22 and 33

Gradient of a Color Image Example

Red
Green
Blue
Gradients of each color component


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Digital Image Processing

Spectrum of White Light

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Visible light wavelength: from around 400 to 700 nm

Sensitivity of Cones in the Human Eye

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Primary and Secondary Colors

Primary and Secondary Colors (cont.)

Subtractive primary colors: CMY

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

RGB Color Model

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

RGB Color Cube

Color depth 24 bits

RGB Color Model (cont.)

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

CMY and CMYK Color Models

HSI Color Model

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

dominant color corresponding to a dominant

Hue and Saturation on Color Planes

1. A dot is the plane is an arbitrary color

HSI Color Model (cont.)

Intensity is given by a position on the vertical axis.

HSI Color Model

Intensity is given by a position on the vertical axis.

Example: HSI Components of RGB Cube

Converting Colors from RGB to HSI

Converting Colors from HSI to RGB

Example: HSI Components of RGB Colors

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Example: Manipulating HSI Components

Color Image Processing

Pseudocolor Image Processing

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Intensity Slicing or Density Slicing

Intensity Slicing Example

An X-ray image of a weld with cracks

After assigning a yellow color to pixels with

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Multi Level Intensity Slicing

Multi Level Intensity Slicing Example

An X-ray image of the Picker

After density slicing into 8 colors

Gray Level to Color Transformation

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Gray Level to Color Transformation Example

(Images from Rafael C.

Gray Level to Color Transformation Example

(Images from Rafael C.

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Basics of Full-Color Image Processing

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Example: Full-Color Image and Variouis Color Space Components

f(x,y) = input color image, g(x,y) = output color image

Example: Color Transformation

These 3 transformations give

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.

Color Image Smoothing

1. Per-color-plane method: for RGB, CMY color models

2. Smooth only Intensity component of a HSI image while leaving

Note: 2 methods are not equivalent.

Color Image Smoothing Example (cont.)