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Systems Techniques

and Documentation

Chapter 2

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Learning Objective 1

Characterize the use of systems


techniques by auditors and
systems development personnel.

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Users of Systems Techniques


Systems techniques are tools.
Analysis

Design

Documentation

They are largely graphical (pictorial) in nature.

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Use of Systems
Techniques in Auditing

What are the two basic components


of an auditing engagement?
1. The interim audit

2. The financial
statement audit

Compliance testing

Substantive testing

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Internal Control Evaluation


Auditors are typically concerned with the
flow of processing and distribution of
documents within an application system.

Auditors use charts to analyze the


distribution of documents in a system.

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Compliance Testing
Compliance testing requires an understanding
of the controls that are to be tested.
Auditors must have a basic understanding
of systems techniques.

input-process-output (IPO)
hierarchy plus input-process-output (HIPO)
logical data flow diagrams (DFD)
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Working Papers
These are the records kept by an auditor
of the procedures and tests applied, the
information obtained, and conclusions
drawn during an audit engagement.

Required by professional standards

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Working Papers
What are some of the systems techniques
used by auditors to document and analyze
the content of working papers?

internal control questionnaires


analytic flowcharts
system flowcharts
branching and decision tables
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Use of Systems Techniques


in Systems Development
What are the three phases of a
systems development project?
1. Systems analysis
2. Systems design

3. Systems implementation
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Systems Analysis
Much of a systems analysts job involves
collecting and organizing facts.

Systems techniques examples:


Interviewing

Observations

Document reviews

Matrix

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Systems Design
A blueprint must be formulated
for the complete system.
Input/output (matrix) analysis
Systems flowcharting

Data flow diagrams


2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Systems Implementation
Systems implementation involves the
actual carrying out of the design plan.
What systems techniques serve
as a documentation tool?
Program flowcharts

Decision tables
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Learning Objective 2

Describe the use of flowcharting


techniques in the analysis of
information processing systems.

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Systems Techniques
What is a flowchart?

A flowchart is a symbolic diagram


that shows the data flow and
sequence of operations in a system.

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Basic Symbols
Input/output
Process
Flowline

Annotation
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Specialized Input/Output
Symbols
Punched
card
Online
storage

Magnetic
tape

Punched
tape
Magnetic
disk

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Specialized Input/Output
Symbols
Document
Manual
input

Communication
link
Offline
storage

Display
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Specialized Process Symbols


Decision

Auxiliary
operation

Predefined
process

Merge

Preparation

Extract

Manual
operation

Collate

Sort

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Additional Symbols
Connector
Off-page
connector

Terminal

Transmittal tape

Parallel mode

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Symbol Use in Flowcharting


Symbols are used in a flowchart to
represent the functions of an
information or other type of system.
Normal direction of flow is from
left to right and top to bottom.

Open arrowheads should be used


on reverse-direction flowlines.
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Symbol Usage Illustration


Normal Direction of Flow
Invoice

Review
and
approve

Approved
invoice

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Symbol Usage Illustration


Reverse Flow Shown with Arrowheads

Approved
invoice

Review
and
approve

Invoice

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Symbol Usage Illustration


Use of Connector Symbol
Stores

Purchasing

Approved
invoice

Invoice

A
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Symbol Usage Illustration


Bidirectional Flow Shown with Arrowheads
Requisition
Prepare
purchase order
and update
vendor files

Vendor
files

Purchase
order
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Learning Objective 3

Define common systems techniques,


such as HIPO charts, systems
flowcharts, and logical
data flow diagrams.
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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IPO and HIPO Charts


These charts are used primarily by
systems development personnel.
At the most general level of analysis,
only the basic input-process-output
relations in a system are of concern.

Additional processing detail is provided


by hierarchy plus input-process-output.
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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IPO Chart

System: Payroll
Author: Mr. Foxx Description: Calculate
Gross Pay
Chart Number: 3.1
Input
Process
Payroll job record Accumulate hours
Payroll master file
worked
Find correct pay rate
Compute gross pay

Date: 6/9/0X
Output
Gross pay records
Payroll master file
Error messages

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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HIPO Illustration
1.0

Payroll
Payroll system
system
2.0

Data
Data preparation
preparation

3.0

Processing
Processing

4.0

Review
Review

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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HIPO Illustration
3.1

3.2

Calculate
Calculate
gross
gross pay
pay

Calculate
Calculate
net
net pay
pay

3.11

Accumulate
Accumulate
hours
hours worked
worked

3.12

Find
Find correct
correct
pay
pay rate
rate

3.13

Compute
Compute
gross
gross pay
pay

Each numbered module would be detailed in an IPO chart.


2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Systems and Program


Flowcharts
A systems flowchart identifies the overall
or broad flow of operations in a system.

A program flowchart (block flowchart)


is more detailed concerning
individual processing functions.

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Logical Data Flow


Diagram Symbols

Name

Symbol

Meaning

Terminator

Represents sources and


destinations of data

Process

Task or function
being done

Data store

A repository of data

Data flow

Communication
channel

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Data Flow Diagram

Timekeeping
Timekeeping

Payroll
data

Process
Process
payroll
payroll
data
data

Payroll
data

Paychecks Employees
Employees

Payroll
details

Payroll Data
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Data Flow Diagram Expanded


Current
status

Timekeeping
Timekeeping

Payroll
data

Employee
data

Verify
Verify
payroll
payroll
data
data
P1

Data
valid

Valid
payroll data

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Data Flow Diagram Expanded


Employee
data

Net pay and


deductions

Data to
process

Calculate
Calculate Paychecks Employees
Employees
pay
pay
P2

Valid
payroll data
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Data Flow Diagram


Expanded Further
Update
Update
employee
employee
files
files

Current
amounts

Process
Process
payroll
payroll
journal
journal

Details

Journal
data

Net pay and


deductions

Compute
Compute
net
net pay
pay

Paychecks

Employees
Employees

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Analytic, Document, and Forms


Distribution Flowcharts
An analytic flowchart is similar
to a systems flowchart in level
of detail and technique.

A document flowchart is similar to an


analytic flowchart but contains less
detail about the processing functions
of each entity shown on the chart.
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Analytic, Document, and Forms


Distribution Flowcharts
The forms distribution chart illustrates
the distribution of multiple copy
forms with an organization.

Purchase

Receive

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Analytic Flowchart
Purchasing

Approve
Approve
vendor
vendor
list
list

Suppliers
Select
Select
vendors
vendors

Prepare
Prepare
quotation
quotation
requests
requests

Requests
Requests
for
for
quotation
quotation

Requests
Requests
for
for
quotation
quotation

Quotations
Quotations

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Analytic Flowchart
Purchasing
Quotations
Quotations

Select
Select
bid
bid

Quotations
Quotations

Prepare
Prepare
purchase
purchase
order
order
Purchase
Purchase
order
order

Suppliers

Purchase
Purchase
order
order

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Document Flowchart
Controller
Accounts
Payable
Purchase
Purchase
requisition
requisition
22
To Vendor

Purchase
Purchase
order
order
55

Vice President Manufacturing


Purchasing Agent

Receiving

Purchase
Purchase
requisition
requisition
11
Purchase
Purchase
order
order
11
2

Stores
Purchase
Purchase
requisition
requisition
11
2

Purchase
Purchase
order
order
33
3

Purchase
Purchase
order
order
44

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Forms Distribution Chart


Purchasing Inventory
Purchase
order copy
1
2

Payables

Production Accounting

1
2

3
4

3
4

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Analytical Flowcharting
Illustration

Symbol selection

System analysis

Drawing the flowchart

Sandwich rule

Use of connector symbol

Entity-column relations

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Narrative Techniques
Narrative techniques are useful in the
fact-finding stage of system analysis.
What are some examples of narrative techniques?
Open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires

Document reviews
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Resource Utilization Analysis


Work measurement involves four basic steps.
1. Identify the tasks.
2. Obtain time estimates for performing the tasks.
3. Adjust these time estimates.

4. Analyze requirements based on these data.


2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Resource Utilization Analysis

(Average time/unit + Idle time/unit)


Average volume = Total task time

Total time available Total task time


= Capacity utilization
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Decision Analysis Techniques

Decision to be made
Conditions that can occur

Path to be followed for each condition


2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Branching Table Format

Code
equal to

Go to

Inconnector Inconnector
reference
reference

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Decision Table Format

Table Title

Condition stub
If:
Then: Action stub

Rules
1
2
3
Condition entry

Action entry

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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Decision Table for


Processing Labor Distribution

If

Then

Line
1
2
3
10
11
12
13
14

Condition action Rule


15 Regular hours
15 Overtime hours
15 Shift bonus hours

1
Y
Y
Y

N
Y

5
N
Y
Y

N
Y

Regular dollars

Overtime dollars

Shift dollars

Error no shift or OT

Nest record

Go to F (Function); R (Rule, same table); T (Table)

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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End of Chapter
2

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood

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