Basic Electricity

Engr.
Engr.Jayson
JaysonP.P.Rogelio,
Rogelio,
MS
MSECE
ECE

ECE DEPARTMENT UPHDS

Topics
Negative and Positive Polarities
Electrons and Protons
Structure of the Atom
The Volt & Coulomb Unit

Topics
Electrical Current
Closed Circuit
Direction of Current
DC and AC

OBJECTIVES
To distinguish the positive and negative polarities
for the voltage output of a typical battery
To illustrate the basic structure of atom
To define the unit of electric charge and potential
difference
To analyze the charge in motion
To describe what happens during closed circuit
To enumerate the different sources of electricity

INTRODUCTION
Electricity is an invisible force that can produce
heat, light, and motion.
Electric Charge is the basic form for a quantity
of electricity
Ampere practical unit of current
Volt indicates the potential difference between
charges of two opposing polarities
Circuit closed path of the movement of charges

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLARITIES

+
SYMBOL

ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

Electricity is present in all forms of
matter as electrons and protons.
The electron is the basic unit of
negative electricity.

Electrons and Protons (continued)

The proton is the basic unit of positive
electricity.
1 coulomb is equal to 6.25 x 1018
electrons or protons.

ELEMENTS
Element- a substance that cannot be
decomposed any further by chemical
action.
Atom- smallest particle of an element that
still has the same characteristics as the
element.

ATOM

PRESENCE OF ELECTRICITY

paper
Electrically neutral
Neutral condition means that opposing forces
are exactly balanced, w/o any net effect either
way.

battery

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is the charge of an electron positive or
negative?
2. Is the charge of a proton positive or
negative?
3. Is it true or false that the neutral
condition means equal positive and
negative charges?

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES

Positive charges
Protons
Positive ions
Hole charges

Negative charges
Electrons
Negative ions

One Atom of Hydrogen

Proton
Electron
The nucleus is made up of a single proton.
Only hydrogen has no neutrons (neutral
particles) in its nucleus.

ATOMIC NUMBER
The atomic number of an element is the
number of protons in the nucleus of its
atom.
The number of electrons in orbit around
the nucleus of a neutral atom is equal to
the number of protons in the nucleus.

ORBITAL RINGS
K=2
(complete)
L= 8
(complete)

K
L

M = 18
(complete)

M
N

N=8
(complete)

One Atom of Copper

K=2
(complete)
L= 8
(complete)

K
L

M = 18
(complete)

M
N

N = 1 of 8 possible
(incomplete)

VALENCE
The valence of an element is the
number of electrons in the
outermost orbit.

The valence electron is weakly bound to

the nucleus. This makes copper an
excellent conductor.
29 protons
atomic number = 29
29 electrons
(net charge = 0)
1 valence electron

The copper valence electrons are easy to

move and copper is the most widely applied
electrical conductor.
A section of current carrying wire

A coulomb is 6.25 x 1018 electrons.

An ampere is 1 coulomb of flow per second.

ELECTRICAL CHARGES
Charges of the same polarity tend to
repel one another.
Charges of opposite polarity tend to
attract one another.
Electrons tend to move toward protons
because electrons have far less mass
than protons.

UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT.

LIKE CHARGES REPEL.

ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE

Electric lines of force indicate the direction in which a positive test charge
would move if it were placed in an electric field.

REPULSION OF LIKE CHARGES

Two rods that carry the same kind of charge

repel each other.

STATIC ELECTRICITY DISCHARGE

Electric current discharges between two electrical conductors

(the metal nails).

The volt is the unit of potential difference.

Potential difference is the amount of energy
or work assigned to each coulomb.
1 Joule
1 Volt = 1 coulomb
1

There are always 2 points

involved when discussing
potential difference or voltage.

Charge in Motion
When the potential difference between to
charges forces a third charge to move, the
charge in motion is an electrical current.
When a potential difference is connected across
two end of a conductor (copper wire), the
applied voltage forces the free electrons to move
producing current flow.

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
An electric circuit is a path for electron flow.
Potential difference must be applied to a
circuit to produce electron current flow.
Electrons flow through an external circuit
from negative to positive.

Electric Circuits (continued)

Direct current (dc) flows in one direction.
Alternating current (ac) periodically
reverses direction.

Direct Current (DC) and

Alternating Current (AC)
+
+

DC

time

AC

time

A Closed Circuit
(current is flowing)
The purpose of the
resistor is to limit
current (flow) or to
generate heat.

An Open Circuit
(no current is flowing)

The electron current is from

negative to positive.

SUMMARY
1. Electricity is present in all matter in the form of electrons
protons.

&

2. The electron is the basic quantity of negative electricity, the

proton of positive electricity.
3. Charges of the same polarity tend to repel each other; charges
of opposite polarities attract.
4. Electrons tend to move toward protons because an electron has
1/1840 the weight of a proton.
5. The atomic number of an element gives the number of protons
in the nucleus of its atom, balanced by an equal number of
orbital electrons.

SUMMARY
6. The number of electrons in the outermost orbit is the valence of
the element.
7. Types of negative charges include electrons and negative ions.
Types of positive charges includes protons, positive ions, and
hole charges
8. An electric circuit is a closed path for electron flow.
9. Direct current has just one direction, as the dc voltage source has
a fixed polarity. Alternating current periodically reverses in
direction as the ac voltage source reverses its polarity.

 to be discussed next meeting:

Resistor
Ohms Law
Series and Parallel Connections