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Personality
Definition of Personality
Theories of Personality

Psychoanalysis
Individual Psychology
Psychosocial Psychology
Hierarchy of Needs
Cognitive Psychology
Temperament & Physique

Abnormal Behavior

What is Personality?
An
enduring,
distinctive
thoughts,
emotions,
and
behaviors that characterize
the way a person interacts
with the world.
The sum total of ways in
which an individual reacts and
interacts with others.
Bring
continuity
individual
in
situations and at
times.

to
an
different
different

Personali
ty
Derived from the
ancient Latin word
persona and
the medieval Latin
word

personalitas
meaning mask

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Personality Determinants
Heredit
y

Environme
nt

Situatio
n

General Theories of
Personality
Psychodynamic Theories

Humanistic Theories

Cognitive Theories

Trait Theories

Psychodynamic Theories
Power
of
unconscious mind
Role
and
lasting
influence of infant
and early childhood
experiences

Humanistic Theories
Emphasize
the
present, subjective
reality;
what
a
person believe is
important now and
how he think of
himself in relation to
others.
Personality is driven
by needs to adapt,
learn,
grow,
and

Cognitive Theories
Emphasis
research

is

on

Experiments
in
memory, thinking,
and
information
processing

Trait Theories
Traits are stable personality
characteristics
that
are
presumed to exist within the
individual and guide his or her
thoughts and actions under
various conditions.
Portray personality as fixed and
static, rather than dynamic and
changing process
Oversimplify humans complex
natures
by
describing
by
describing personality on just a
few dimensions

C
Y
PS

N
A
HO

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S
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Fre

Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is Freuds therapeutic
technique
for
analyzing
an
individuals thought.
He believed that clients current
problems
could
be
traced
to
childhood experiences, many of
which
involved
conflicts
about
sexuality

Techniques used by the

therapist

Free association the

technique of
encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever
comes to mind, no matter how trivial or
embarrassing.

Dream Analysis the

psychotherapeutic
technique used to interpret a clients dreams .

Structure of Personality
Psychoanalysis,
the theory
illustrates that the
personality
consists of three
interacting forces:
The Id, Ego, and
Superego.

T
H
E
I
D

I
WANT IT
NOW

The ID
Original core out of which the rest of the
personality emerges.
Pure, natural, instinctual energy and
exists completely on the unconscious
level.
Demands immediate satisfaction
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

The ID
The goal of the ID is to reduce tension,
to increase pleasure and to minimize
discomfort
The id strives to do this by:

Reflex action by
responding automatically
to a source
Wish fulfillment

T
H
E
E
G
O

MAYBE I CAN
FIND A
COMPROMISE

The EGO
Goes through the process of reality
testing to find appropriate objects.
Operates in both the conscious and
the unconscious level.
REALITY PRINCIPLE

T
H
E
S
U
P
E
R
E
G
O

NICE PEOPLE
DONT DO
THAT

The SUPEREGO
Moral arm of personality.
Develops
from
the
internalized
patterns of reward and punishment
that a young child experiences.
MORALITY PRINCIPLE

Co

e
c
n
e
i
c
s
n

Selfobservation

Functions of the
Superego

Formatio
n of
Ideals

Goal of the Psyche

Maintain or regain an acceptable level of
dynamic equilibrium that maximizes
pleasure and minimizes tension

ANXIETY
The most extreme form of anxiety
human beings experience is when
they are separated from their mother
at birth.

BIRTH
TRAUMA

Three Kinds of Anxiety

Reality Anxiety
Caused by real, objective sources of danger in the
environment.
Neurotic Anxiety
Fear that the impulses of the id will overwhelm the
ego & cause the person to do something for which
the person will be punished.
Moral Anxiety
Fear that a person will do something contrary to the
superego and thus experience guilt.

General ways to decrease

anxiety
Deal with the situation directly

Resolve problems, overcome

obstacle, either confront or run
from threats, or come to terms
with the problems to minimize
impact.

DEFENSE
MECHANISMS

Defense Mechanisms
From the onset, the ego has to try to fulfill
its task of acting as an intermediary
between the id (pleasure principle) and the
superego (the moralistic principle) , to
protect the individual from the dangers of
the external world. In this battle of two
fronts, the ego makes use of various
methods in fulfilling its task or to put it in
general terms -- of avoiding danger, anxiety
and displeasure.

Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms are invented by the
Ego in attempt to resolve the conflict
between Id and superego so that
personality can operate in a healthy manner.
It denies/distorts reality while operating in
an unconscious level.
If it is used once in a while, the purpose of
using it is to reduce.
But if it is used frequently, it means the
individual is trying to avoid facing reality

Ego and Defense

Mechanisms
They are unconscious
They falsify or distort
reality

Defense Mechanisms
Repression
ego
prevents
anxietyprovoking
thoughts
from
being entertained in the
conscious level.
Thoughts may either be those
innately part of the id, primal
repression,
memories
of
painful
experiences
from
ones lifetime, or repression
proper.
Repressed element is still
part of the psyche, although
unconscious, and still remains
active.

Defense Mechanisms
Displacement
An object is found that yields some relief
for pent-up tension.
Displaced
aggression
impulses
toward self-destruction/destruction of
other less threatening objects.

Forms of Displacement
Scapegoating anger
is directed against a
person or an object
other than the original
source of frustration.
Free-floating anger
hostility
becomes
generalized so that it is
aimed
at
almost
anything or anybody.

Forms of Displacement
Suicide
Anger is directed towards
oneself.
Contributing
factors:
excessive
shame/guilt,
severe
depression,
and
feelings of helplessness

Defense Mechanisms
Denial (Reality Denial)
The ego rejects realities that are too
anxiety-provoking and stores them in the
unconscious.

Defense Mechanism
Sublimation
Displacement results in something
beneficial to civilization.
Produces a higher cultural achievement

Defense Mechanism
Identification
Tendency to increase
personal feelings of
worth by taking on the
characteristics of
someone viewed as
successful, or to reduce
tension by modeling
ones behavior after
that someone else.

Defense Mechanism
Reaction Formation
A mechanism by which
objectionable thoughts
are
repressed
by
expression
of
their
opposite goals.
It masks parts of the
personality and restricts
a persons capacity to
respond to events.

Defense Mechanism
Projection
A mechanism by which something that is
true of the person and which would
caused anxiety if it were recognized, is
repressed and seen in someone else
instead.

Defense Mechanism
Compensation
A person attempts to disguise the
presence of a weak or undesirable trait
by emphasizing a desirable one to
reduce a feeling of inferiority.

Defense Mechanism
Rationalization
A person justifies behavior or
thought that may otherwise
be anxiety-provoking.
It is a process whereby a
person
presents
an
explanation that is either
logically consistent with or
ethically acceptable for an
attitude,
action,
idea
or
feeling that arises from other
motivating sources.

Defense Mechanism
Regression
A mechanism in which a
person returns to an
earlier
stage
of
development when he or
she experiences stress.
A way of alleviating
anxiety by withdrawing
from realistic thinking
into behaviors that have,
in earlier years, reduced
anxiety.

Defense Mechanism
Withdrawal Reaction
One chooses to go into physical flight or
rakes cover by going into a shell of
psychological defenses.

Defense Mechanism
Withdrawal Reaction
Fantasy/Daydreaming
a temporary escape from
the hardships of real life
into a world of make
believe where dreams can
come true.
Nomadism an attempt
to get away from a
frustrating situation. This
may take in the form of
frequent
change
of
residence, jobs or even
with marital partners.

Psychosexua
Organ of
l Stage of
Satisfacti
Developmen
on
t

Oral Stage
(Birth
to
18
months)

Mouth

Anal
Stage
(Approximat Anus/Anal
ely 1 to 3 Canal
years old)

Desires

Challeng
e

Later signs of
Problems from
this stage

Oral
stimulation
by sucking,
eating,
crying, and
babbling

Smoking,
nailOvercomin biting,
chewing,
g
gluttony, obesity,
dependen talkativeness,
cy
dependency, and
gullibility

Anal
stimulation
by bladder
and bowel
function

Messiness,
temper tantrums,
cruelty,
destructiveness,
excessive
cleanliness,
stinginess,
aloofness

Toilettraining,
selfcontrol

Psychosexua
Organ of
l Stage of
Satisfacti
Developmen
on
t

Desires

Challenge

Later signs of
Problems
from this
stage

Phallic Stage
(Approximat
Genitals
ely 3-6 years
old)

Masturbation,
Resolving
jealousy,
Stimulation Oedipus
egocentric sex,
of
the Complex and sexual
genitals
Elektra
conquests,
Complex
problems with
parents

Latency
Stage
(Approximat Genitals
ely 6 years
to puberty)

Repression
of
sexual
and
aggressive
desires,
including
those
involved in
Oedipus
Complex

Consciously:
learning
modesty
&
Excessive
shame
modesty,
prefers
Unconsciousl
company of the
y:
same
sex,
Dealing with
homosexuality
repressed
oedipal
conflict

Psychosexua
Organ of
l Stage of
Satisfacti
Developmen
on
t

Genital
Stage
(Puberty
and
adulthoo
d)

Genitals

Desires

Later signs of
Challenge Problems from
this stage

Displaceme
nt
of
energy
into
Mature
healthy
sexual
activities, None
relationshi
establishin
ps
g
relationshi
p
with
parents

o
h
c
y
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P
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r
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Individual Psychology
The term Individual Psychology was used
by Adler to stress his belief that each
person is an integrated whole,
striving to attain future goals and
attempting to find meaning in life while
working harmoniously with others.
Humans are motivated primarily by social
urges. A person has an inherent nature
that shapes his/her own personality.

Major Theories
Organ Inferiority
People are more vulnerable to disease in
organs that are less developed on
inferior than other organs.
Inhibit the person from functioning
normally and therefore must be dealt
with in some way.

Major Theories
Feelings of Inferiority
Feeling of being weak, inferior and
impotent that stimulates a person
to seek power, thereby overcoming
the feeling of inferiority.
To become more powerful meant to
become more masculine and less
feminine.
MASCULINE PROTEST

Inferiority
Complex
A condition where a
person becomes
overwhelmed by
feelings of inferiority
and he is prevented
from accomplishing
anything, the feelings
of inferiority acts as a
barrier for positive
accomplishment

Major Theories
Striving for Superiority
A fundamental fact of life.
An innate need; built in in all human
beings at birth.
Master motive which leads people in the
pursuit of a superior/perfect society.
Beneficial

Harmful

Superiority Complex
A condition where a person
concentrates exclusively in
developing his or her own
superiority while ignoring
the needs of others and of
society. A person with
superiority complex tends
to be domineering, vain,
boastful, arrogant, and
insulting to others.

Major Theories
Style of Life
The means by which an
individual attempts to
gain superiority.
Lifestyle
determines
which aspects of life are
focused on and how it
gives
a
person
individual identity.
Specifies
a
persons
future goals and how
they are be attained.

Major Theories
Style of Life
An unhealthy life style is based on
selfishness and is contrary to the views
of society.
Ones lifestyle is fairly well crystallized at
the age of four or five.
What lifestyle a child develops depends
upon his or her personal circumstances.

Major Theories
Fictional Finalism
The fictional future goal
which a person aspires.
Guiding self ideal
The individual is viewed as
pushed by feelings of
inferiority or imperfection
to strive for perfection
using his or her unique
style of life as a means of
attaining
some
future

Major Theories

Style of Life
Healthy individuals use fictional goals or
ideals as tools in dealing with life.

Life is unbearable without meaning

so they invent meaning.

Major Theories
Creative Self
All
individuals
have
a
biological heritage and an
array of past experiences, but
it is the creative self acting
upon these variables and
interpreting them that will
determine
the
persons
personality.

It
is
the
individuals
attitude
towards
life
which
determines
his
relationship
with
the

Major Theories
Order of Birth and Personality
One of the factors that affect personality.
Individuals acquire a certain style of
relating to others in childhood and form
a definite picture of themselves that they
carry into their adult interactions.

Order of Birth and

Personality

First born or Eldest

Receives a good deal

of attention
Typically
spoiled

somewhat

to
Tends
dependable

be

Hard working
Strives to keep ahead

When a new sibling

arrives,
she
finds
herself ousted from her
favored position.
She is no longer unique
or special
Readily believed that
the newcomer will rob
her of the love to which
she is accustomed.

Order of Birth and

Personality
Second Born

Shares
attention
another child

the
with

Extremely
ambitious
The most fortunate

that
if
Believes
someone is a step
or two in front, he
has to rush to get
ahead
Often the opposite
of the first born

Order of Birth and

Personality
Middle Child

Often feels squeezed

out
May become convinced
of the unfairness of life
and feel cheated
Can assume a poor
me attitude
Can become a problem
child

families
In
characterized by
conflicts,
the
child
becomes
the peacemaker

Order of Birth and

Personality
Youngest

Second worse position

after the first born

Always ambitious

Usually spoiled
never
Can
independent

be

Easily loses courage to

succeed by his own
effort

Laziness is a sign of
ambition joined with
discouragement

Order of Birth and

Personality
Only Child

Never dethroned by
another sibling
Experiences shock
when he learns that
he cannot remain
the
center
of
attention
Often very sweet
and affectionate