Arrays

Waite AD. 2002. SONAR for Practising Engineers 3rd Ed. Sussex (GB): Wiley.

Angga Dwinovantyo
C552150141

Program Studi Teknologi Kelautan

Sekolah Pascasarjana
Institut Pertanian Bogor
2015

ARRAY

SONAR
1. Alat: SL, DI, DT, NL
2. Medium: TL, NL, RL
3. Target: TS, SL
EL = SL 2TL + TS NL + DI

 Projector Array (Transmit)

Purpose: increase source level of
transmited pulse
The directivity concentrates in direction.
Typical array is designed to make vertical
beamwidth between 3 - 30 to the 3 dB
points.

Hydrophone Array (Receive)

Purpose: increase the response from array
(dalam arah yang diinginkan. Sehingga
meningkatkan SNR dan menunjukkan arah
dari sumber sinyal)

 Beam Patterns
Response against angle, describing the
relative responses of a beam formed from an
array to signals and noise from all directions.

Tipe-Tipe Array

Linear sequential array (switched array)

Linear phased array (vector, sector)
Curved sequential array (convex array, curvilinear
sequential array).
Curved phased array (convex array, curvilinear
phased array).
Annular array

 A linear transducer is something that most of

us are familiar with for imaging small parts
and shallow structures. The image is
rectangular.
Each crystal is fired and creates a single scan
line. So the image corresponds to the width of
the actual transducer.
A simple linear array will not have steering. As
the beams are fired they run parallel to each
other and straight from the face of the
transducer. These beams stay parallel to each
other no matter the depth. The space between
the beam stays constant because they run
parallel to each other.

Linear phased
array
A phased array works by
exciting all the crystals in the
transducer at the same time.
This creates many individual
waves which
constructively interferewith
each other to create a single
pulse. Since the crystals are
able to be fired at different
times with a small delay
between each pulse the beam
that is formed is able to be
steered as well as focused

Curved sequential
array
A curved or convex sequential
(switched) array is aligned the same as
a linear array. Crystals side by side with
each crystal creating a single line on
the screen but the transducer shape is
curved so you get a classic fan shaped
image.
Beam steering is not necessary on this
transducer because it naturally creates
an image with an arc.
You dont need beam steering on this
transducer because it naturally creates
an arc shaped image.
A drawback to the curved array versus
a linear array is that the beam at depth
separates from the beam running

Annular Array
Annular arrays are unique in their
composition. They are created by
taking a single crystal and cutting it
into rings. Think of the cross section
of an onion. Smaller and smaller
rings.
Because an annular transducer is
steered mechanically it will have an
image with a sector shape.

ARRAY

Cylindrical Array
Planar Array
Line Array
Spherical Array
Square Array

 Array Gain: improvement in SNR due

to array factor

Directivity Index: Signal is coherent

and noise is incoherent

DI
Cylindrical Array

DI
Line Array:

kumpulan elemen kecil yang dikumpulkan

membentuk seperti garis

n = number of
element

DI
Directivity of a Plannar Array

Kesimpulan
1. Beam pattern dipengaruhi oleh
jumlah array, disamping durasi
pulsa, freq, panjang gelombang
2. Setiap bentuk array
memengaruhi pembentukan beam
3. Array (komponen dalam alat)
berperan dalam perhitungan nilai
Echo Level DI

 Sonar arrays are used both actively and

passively in 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional arrays.
1-dimensional "line" arrays are usually in multielement passive systems towed behind ships
and in single or multi-element side scan sonar.
2-dimensional "planar" arrays are common in
active/passive ship hull mounted sonars and
someside-scan sonar.
3-dimensional spherical and cylindrical arrays
are used in 'sonar domes' in the modern
submarineand ships.