Transmisi Digital

Pertemuan 5

Learning Outcomes

Mahasiswa dapat menunjukkan

bagaimana mengirimkan sinyal analog
secara digital dan mendapatkan kembali
sinyal analog tersebut.

Outline Materi

Pengertian transmisi
digital
Jenis transmisi digital
Kapasitas kanal
Teorema Nyquist

Proses Digitalisasi

Nyquist Theorem
According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate
must be at least 2 times the highest frequency
contained in the signal.
The sampling rate needed for a signal with a
bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz) must be
twice the highest frequency in the signal i.e. 2 x
(11,000) = 22,000 samples/s
Telephone companies digitize voice by assuming a
maximum frequency of 4000 Hz. The sampling rate
therefore is 8000 samples per second

Data Rate
Bit rate didefinisikan sebagai kecepatan
informasi yang dikirimkan.
Baud (atau signaling) rate didefinisikan
sebagai jumlah simbol per detik.
Setiap simbol dapat mewakili sejumlah n bit,
dan memiliki kondisi sinyal M, dimana M =
2n. Hal ini disebut dengan M-ary signaling.
Kecepatan maksimum informasi yang dikirim
melalui kanal baseband:
fb = 2 W log2M bit per detik (bps)
W = bandwidth sinyal baseband per
modulasi
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Data Conversion
The key to digital transmission is to convert analog
signal to digital signal.
The process is called analog-to-digital (A/D)
conversion, digitizing a signal, or encoding.
A device known as an analog-to-digital converter or
ADC is usually used for conversion.
If necessary digital signal must be reconverted to
analog form for final consumption by the user.
Translating a digital signal into an analog signal is
called digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion.
The circuit used to perform this is called a digitalto-analog (D/A) converter or DAC or a decoder.

Pulse Modulation

The basic forms of pulse modulation:

1. Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
2. Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
3. Pulse-position modulation (PPM)
4. Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
5. Delta Modulation

Pulse Code Modulation

The most widely used technique for digitizing information signals
for electronic data transmission is pulse-code modulation (PCM).
PCM signals are serial digital data.
There are two ways to generate:
1. Use an Sample/Hold circuit and traditional A/D converter to
sample and convert the analog signal into a sequence of
binary words, convert the parallel binary words into serial
form, and transmit the data serially.
2. Use a delta modulator.

Pulse Code Modulation

Traditional PCM
In traditional PCM, the analog signal is sampled and converted
into a sequence of parallel binary words by an A/D converter.
The parallel binary output word is converted into a serial signal
by a shift register.
Each time a sample is taken, a 8-bit word is generated by the A/D
converter.
This word must be transmitted serially before another sample is
taken and another word is generated.
The clock and start conversion signals are synchronized so that
the resulting output signal is a continuous train of binary words.

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PCM Block Diagram

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PCM Sinyal
Processing

Bila sinyal disampling pada interval tetap pada

laju yang lebih besar dari 2 kali frekuensi
sinyal yang paling tinggi, sampel-sampel sinyal
berisi semua informasi dari sinyal aslinya
Data percakapan (frequency) dibatasi tidak
lebih dari 4000Hz
Memerlukan 8000 sampel per detik, dengan
sampel sampel analog (Pulse Amplitude
Modulation, PAM)
Tiap sampel menandakan sebuah nilai digital

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PCM Characteristics

4 bit sistem memberikan 16 level

Kuantisasi
Kuantisasi error atau noise
Approksimasi berarti dimungkinkan untuk
mendapatkan aslinya secara tepat
8 bit sampel memberikan 256 level
Kualitasnya dapat dibandingkan dengan
transmisi analog
8000 sampel per detik untuk 8 bit masingmasing memberikan 64 kbps

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PCM Coding

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PCM Block Diagram

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Penyandian

Level-level kuantisasi jaraknya tidak tetap

Mengurangi keseluruhan distorsi sinyal
Dapat juga dilakukan dengan companding

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Companding

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Summary

Telah dipelajari klasifikasi transmisi

digital.
Telah dipelajari proses PCM.

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