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Rainfall-Runoff Process
Precipitation
Meterology, Climate
Runoff
Fraction of precipitation
signal remaining after losses
Watershed
Losses
Transformation
Storage
Routing
HEC-HMS
Hydrologic Cycle Components in HECHMS (circa 2008)
Rainfall, P(t)
Snowfall
Evapotranspiration
Snowpack
Snowmelt
Infiltration Loss
Percolation Loss
Channels
Runoff
Reservoirs
Discharge, Q(t)
Rainfall-Runoff
Precipitation (rainfall) is the raw input
Distributed in space and time
Commonly assumed uniform in space for
hydrologic computations (refine later)
Rainfall-Runoff
As a process diagram:
Precipitation
Losses
Loss Model
Excess Precipitation
Loss Models
Vital to achieve volume balances
Cannot easily measure
Biggest source of uncertainty in hydrologic
modeling
Infiltration
Infiltration is water that soaks into the
ground. This water is considered removed
from the runoff process.
Largest contribution to losses during a
storm event, hence most loss models are
some form of an infiltration accounting
Loss Models
HEC-HMS
Losses are infiltration losses. Evaporation is
modeled as a component of meterology.
Hortonian Infiltration
Pedagogical
Rate has an initial and
asymptotic value.
Integral of rate is total
depth (volume) lost
Loss Models
Detailed Discussion
Initial Abstraction, Constant Loss
NRCS Curve Number
Green-Ampt
Other Methods
Exponential Model
Phi-Index (and proportional rainfall)
Soil Moisture Accounting
Deficit/Constant
Typical values, Cl
Sandy soils: 0.10 to 0.30 inches/hour
Clay soils : 0.05 to 0.15 inches/hour
Disadvantages
Parameter estimation (outside of 0-4193-7)
May be too simplified for some studies
Composite CN equation
( P 0.2 S ) 2
( P 0.8 S )
where,
q = depth of direct runoff (inches)
P = precipitation depth (inches)
(1000 10CN )
S
CN
Graphical runoff
generation model
From NEH-630Chapter 10
Depth
Depth
Disadvantages
Loss approach zero for long duration storms
Same loss for given rainfall regardless of
duration.
Four parameters:
Initial and saturated water content
Soil suction and saturated hydraulic
conductivity
Soil suction
Textural description
Hanging column measurements
Soil suction
Textural description
Hanging column measurements
Local guidance
(e.g. Harris County has suggested GA parameter
values)
Disadvantages
Parameter estimates NON-TRIVIAL.
More complex than rest of hydrologic model.
Exponential Model
Exponential decay of infiltration rate
Needs local calibration, popular in coastal
communities (long history of calibration)
HEC-HMS User Manual 3.5 pg 130
HEC-HMS
Example 3 Extending the minimal HECHMS model
Ash Creek Watershed
Learn how to incorporate real runoff and
rainfall.
Estimate CN for the watershed
Estimate GA parameters for the watershed
Compare 3 Loss Models (without calibration)
Summary
Rainfall-runoff process determines excess
precipitation. Excess precipitation is the
portion of the input that is available for
runoff.
The conversion is via a loss model
generally only infiltration losses are
considered.
Summary
Many different loss models are available,
ranging from the simple to the complex.
Example 3 illustrates three different loss
models and compares their performance
for a real storm.