BUILDING

PHYSICS
STACK VENTILATION

GUIDED BY- PROF. B.S.

BY- AR. TULIKA GALANI

M.ARCH I YEAR

WHAT IS VENTILATION?
The process of removing or supplying air by natural or mechanical means to
and from a space.

Necessity
To create air movement, so as to remove the vitiated air or its replacement
by the fresh air.
To prevent an undue concentration of body odour, fumes, dust and other
industrial products.
To remove products of combustion, and in some cases, to remove body heat
and heat liberated by the operation of electrical and mechanical equipment.
To create healthy living conditions by preventing the undue accumulation of
CO2 and moisture and depletion of the oxygen content of the air.
To prevent flammable concentrations of gas vapour or dust in case of
industrial buildings.
SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

TULIKA GALA

TYPES OF VENTILATION

There are two types of ventilations:

Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Natural ventilation
Facilitate outside air to inside of a building through
windows, doors, ventilation or other openings.
Openings should not be less than 1/20th of floor area.
The rate of ventilation by natural means depends on :
Wind effect
Stack effect

TULIKA GALA

NATURAL VENTILATION
By means of purpose-provided aperture (such as openable
windows, ventilators and shafts) and the natural forces of wind
and temperature-difference pressures

TULIKA GALA

STACK VENTILATION

Stack ventilation is where air is driven through the

building by vertical pressure differences.

The warm air inside the building is less dense than

cooler air outside, and thus will try to escape from
openings high up in the building envelope; cooler
denser air will enter openings lower down.

The process will continue if the air entering the

building is continuously heated, typically by casual
or solar gains.

TULIKA GALA

TULIKA GALA

TULIKA GALA

TULIKA GALA

WHEN TO USE STACK

VENTILATION?

Stack ventilation, can operate when no

wind pressure is available. A building
can be designed to induce its own
ventilation by duplicating the
temperature stratifications that are the
source of wind itself.
The stack effect can only take place
when the average temperature in the
stack is greater than the outside air.

TULIKA GALA

WHAT TO REMEMBER WHEN USING STACK

VENTILATION?

For an effective stack effect, openings and ducts must

be large, to minimize resistance.

The pressure difference within the stack varies with

height resulting in diminishing air flows from spaces
opening on to the stack, as their height above ground
floor increases.

In tall spaces (multi-room height) the temperature of

the air may be hotter in the upper zone. For a given
average temperature, this means that there is a
cooler zone at the bottom, which is good news if this
is the only occupied space. However it means that
rooms facing the upper zone may experience
unwanted heat gains, as well as reduced stack effect

TULIKA GALA

TULIKA GALA

TULIKA GALA

TULIKA GALA

SOURCE- SUN WIND & LIGHT BY G.Z.

TULIKA GALA

TULIKA GALA

STRATEGIES

Natural Stack Ventilation

Strategies
1)Apart from the earlier mentioned
strategies, there are several stack
ventilation techniques inherited from
vernacular architecture worldwide which
are still in use today. Among the most
common techniques are the static type
openings on top or upper part of the
building like ridge, static and dormer vent,
chimney flue, jack roof and roof
monitor which most of them deal with the
function to ventilate the trapped hot air
underneath the roof,
thus reduce the internal heat gain
SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

SOUTH FACING ROOFS

OPTIMIZE DIRECT GAIN
AT PHOTO-VOLTAIC
PANELS

WINDOWS

SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

2)STACK VENTILATION STRATEGIES could

be enhanced by the use of atrium, stack
devices and ventilation shafts. An atrium
is a space with glazed roofs which is
usually incorporated in the middle of a
deep-plan building for both daylighting
and ventilation purposes.
This architectural feature could enhance
the
stack ventilation performance by
increasing high differential pressure
through the use of the glazing elements
at the upper part. This element could
absorb solar gain and increase the air
temperature near the outlet area which in
SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

3) IN THE COLD CLIMATE OF UNITED KINGDOM, AIR

ENTERS THE BUILDING THROUGH THE LARGE LOUVERED
WINDOWS AND FLOWS UP THROUGH THE FLOORING
BLOCKS, BEFORE EXITS THROUGH THE KILN-VENT.

SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

TULIKA GALA

stack ventilation towers like a stack device is another

architectural feature which is usually associated with stack
ventilation strategy and effective to drive ventilation in lower floors
of the multi-storey building

The De Montfort University,

UK
SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

TULIKA GALA

Frederick Lanchester Library, UK

TULIKA GALA

SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

TULIKA GALA

ventilation shaft

is a space within the

building framework with the primary function to
collect, transport and distribute ventilation air
to another space or outdoor. For the stack
ventilation purpose, this shaft element can be
applied to collect hot and stale air from the
occupied spaces before extract it out to the
outdoors via more suitable elements like
chimney or wind tower.

TULIKA GALA

ADVANCED STACK VENTILATION STRATEGIES

solar induced ventilation

wind-stack driven ventilation

Main building elements which are based

on this concept of ventilation are solar
chimney, solar roof and double
faade, wind towers

TULIKA GALA

CHIMNEY EFFECT

A solar chimney uses the sun's heat to provide cooling, using the
stack effect. Solar heat gain warms a column of air, which then
rises, pulling new outside air through the building. They are also
called thermal chimneys.

the solar chimney relies upon the solar radiation and heat
absorption to induce a bigger pressure difference between the
inlet and the outlet of the element to increase the stack effect

The most effective application of this natural law (stack effect) is a

"thermal chimney," a solar-exposed enclosure tall enough to
generate maximum air flow and massive enough to retain heat
and power the system into the evening hours.

TULIKA GALA

TULIKA GALA

SOLAR CHIMNEYS

TULIKA GALA

,
UK
SOURCE- SUN WIND & LIGHT BY G.Z.

TULIKA GALA

Wind tower, windcatcher and turbine ventilator

are very helpful to induce vertical air movement, thus
enhancing the stack ventilation significantly.

TULIKA GALA

SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

TULIKA GALA

ACTIVE STACK VENTILATION

STRATEGY

WHOLE-HOUSE FAN

SOURCE- http://www.arpapress.com/

ATTIC EXTRACTOR FAN

TULIKA GALA

Whole-house fan which is a low velocity fan

that mounts in the ceiling is used to promote air
exchange by drawing air from windows and
exhaust from a central high point to the attic and
then to outside with the help of air vent.

Extractor fan, enhance stack ventilation in

the apartment buildings. By placing the fan at
the top of the stack, and could significantly
increase the average air velocity within the
residential unit by 47%.The strategy succeeded
to induce upward air movement.

TULIKA GALA