Modeling and Simulation

Agus Priyono
Fakultas Teknologi Industri
Institut Sains dan Teknologi Nasional, Jakarta

Modeling and Simulation

Lecture Note 1

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PENDAHULUAN
A model is an abstraction from reality used to
help understand the object or system being
modeled. People use modeling all the time to
make decisions in their everyday lives although
they usually dont do so in a formal way.
A simulation of a system is the operation of a
model of the system. Simulation is used before
an existing system is altered or a new system
built, to reduce the chances of failure to meet
specifications, to eliminate unforeseen
bottlenecks, to prevent under or over-utilization
of resources, and to optimize system
performance
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For instance, simulation can be used to answer

questions like:
What is the best design for a new
telecommunications network?
What are the associated resource requirements?
How will a telecommunication network perform
when the traffic load increases by 50%?
How will a new routing algorithm affect its
performance?
Which network protocol optimizes network
performance?
What will be the impact of a link failure?
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Basic Concept

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Modelling Simulation
Morphism

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Challenges in Embedded System

Design

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References
Textbook:
Banks,Carson, Nelson & Nicol, Discrete Event System Simulation,
Prentice Hall, 2001.
Averill M. Law & W David Kelton, Simulation, Modeling and Analysis,
3rd Ed. Mc Graw Hill.
Supplemental: OMNET++user manual, available online, as a part of
the free software package: http://www.omnetpp.org/

Software
Software: OMNET++: event driven simulator - required
Free software for academic use, download from
http://www.omnetpp.org/, use the quick download link on the right hand
side of the web page (currently version 3.0)
Download from pipeline web page for class, version 2.3.

MS.VisualC++6.0:you can obtain a copy from Steven swhichhasa

license for undergraduates. Installation of OMNET++, requires that you
have previously installed MS. Visual C++ 6.0.
Matlab may also be used occasionally top lot various resultsnot
required examples may be presented in class, that are generated with
Matlab
Free similar program: Euler Software: - not personally tested
http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/grothman/euler/index.html
Matlab compatible free software: Octave not personally tested
http://www.octave.org

Systems

What is a
system?

System
A system is any set of interrelated
components acting together to achieve
a common objective.
Definition covers systems of different types
Systems vary in size, nature, function,
complexity,
Boundaries of the system is determined by
the scope of the study
Common techniques can be used to treat
them

System
A system exists and operates in
time and space.

Systems

Battery

Car Electrical system

Consists of a battery, a generator, lamps,

Achieve a common objective

Kopaja (transportation company)

Consists of anode, cathode, acid and other

components
These components act together to achieve one
objective

Consists of Buses, drivers, stations,

Achieves a common objective

The Boundaries of the system is

determined by the scope of the study

Systems
PROSES

INPUT

OUTPU
T

Figure 2 : System Representation

Systems

Inputs (excitations):
signals that cause changes in the systems
variables.
Represented by arrows entering the system

Outputs (responses) :
measured or calculated variables
Shown as arrows leaving the system

Systems (process)
Defined the relationship between the
inputs and outputs
Represented by a rectangular box

Systems
Input

Output
Figure 3 : Water Tank System Representation

System terminology
State: A variable characterizing an attribute in the
system such as level of stock in inventory or number of
jobs waiting for processing.
Event: An occurrence at a point in time which may
change the state of the system, such as arrival of a
customer or start of work on a job.
Entity: An object that passes through the system, such
as cars in an intersection or orders in a factory. Often
an event (e.g., arrival) is associated with an entity
(e.g., customer).
Queue: A queue is not only a physical queue of people,
it can also be a task list, a buffer of finished goods
waiting for transportation or any place where entities
are waiting for something to happen for any reason.

System terminology
Creating: Creating is causing an arrival of a new
entity to the system at some point in time.
Scheduling: Scheduling is the act of assigning a
new future event to an existing entity.
Random variable: A random variable is a
quantity that is uncertain, such as interarrival
time between two incoming flights or number
of defective parts in a shipment or an artificially
generated random variable
Distribution: A distribution is the mathematical
law which governs the probabilistic features of
a random variable.

A Simple Example:
Building a simulation gas station with a single pump
served by a single service man. Assume that arrival of
cars as well their service times are random. At first
identify the:
states: number of cars waiting for service and number
of cars served at any moment
events: arrival of cars, start of service, end of service
entities: these are the cars
queue: the queue of cars in front of the pump, waiting
for service
random realizations: interarrival times, service times
distributions: we shall assume exponential distributions
for both the interarrival time and service time

The choice of
inputs/outputs/process depends on
the purpose of the study

Some Possible Inputs

Inlet flow rate

Temperature of entering material
Concentration of entering material

Some Possible Outputs

Level in the tank

Temperature of material in tank
Outlet flow rate
Concentration of material in tank

What inputs and outputs are needed

when we want to model the temperature
of the water in the tank?

t, l Controled Liquid
Example

Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)

model

Trajectories

FSA Formalism Model

Behavior Morphism

Clasification of System

Clasification of System

Experimental Frame
Experimental Frame. When one studies a
system in the real world, the experimental
frame (EF) describes experimental conditions
(context), aspects, . . .
within which that system and corresponding
models will be used. As such, the
Experimental Frame reflects the objectives of
the experimenter who performs experiments
on a real system or, through simulation, on a
model. In its most basic form an Experimental
Frame consists of two sets of variables, the
Frame Input Variables and the Frame Output
Variables, which match the system or model
terminals.

System vs Experimental
Frame

Figure 1 : System vs Experimental Frame