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M KASTHURI BAI
Introduction
Water for lab use must be free from
contaminants that could interfere with the
performance of tests.
The quality of water required dependent on
the work carried out
Water of an appropriate quality and quantity
is required for:
Cont
The rinsing of cleaned glassware,
plasticware, syringes, needles, lancets and
equipment components, eg cuvettes
Methods used to obtain water of adequate
purity and quantity:
Distillation
Deionization
Filtration using a gravity filter and reusable
ceramic filter of 0.9 m porosity
3
Cont
Distilled or deionized water of ISO grade 3 is
recommended for analytical work
For staining procedures it may be possible to
use filtered water without deionization
Effectiveness of distillation,
filtration and deionization
Dissolved
Ionized solid
Dissolved
Organics
Dissolved ionized
Gases
Particulates
Bacteria
Pyrogen
distillation filtration
deionization
E/G
G
P
P
P
P
E
E
E
E
E/G
E
P
P
P
P
Distillation
In distillation, impure water is boiled and the
steam produced is condensed on a cold
surface (condenser) to give chemically pure
distilled water
Does not remove dissolved ionized gases
such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and
chlorine
Distilled water is clear, colourless and
odourless
Water contains only the condensed steam
and distillate is collected into clean sterile
container
The water is pyrogen free
6
Water Distiller
Water distiller
Water distiller
Water distiller
A considerable volume of running water is
required to operate a distiller
Usually not less than 60 litre/hour to
condense the steam
The water feeding the distiller must not be
heavily contaminated
Water distiller
specification
Water is single distilled with an output of 4
litres/hour from a 3 kW heater
Built-in safety thermostat
Requires a running water supply of minimum
flow 60 litres/hour (not heavily contaminated)
Can be cleaned and descaled without being
dismantled
1
Deionization
In deionization, impure water is passed
through anion and cation exchange resins to
produce ion free water.
Has low electrical conductivity, near pH and
free from water soluble salts but is NOT
pyrogen free or sterile
Water should be filtered prior to deionization
process
Use of unfiltered water will lead to rapid
contamination and exhaustion of the resins
1
Deionization
Deionization
The process of deionization uses two resins
that are opposite in charges the cationic
(negative) and the anionic (positive).
The cationic resin is typically made from
styrene containing negatively charged
sulfonic acid groups, and will be pre-charged
with hydrogen ions.
This resin will attract the positively charged
ions in the water (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, etc.) and
releases an equivalent amount of hydrogen
(H+) ions.
1
Deionization
anionic resin is also made from styrene, but
contains positively charged quaternary
ammonium groups, and will be pre-charged
with hydroxide ions.
This resin will attract the negatively charged
ions (HCO3-, Cl-, SO4--, etc.) and releases
an equivalent amount of hydroxide (OH-).
The hydrogen and hydroxide ions then
combine to form water.
H+ + OH- = HOH or H2O.
1
Deionization
Deionization
Deionization
Single deionization cycle may not remove all
the TDS
Some of the ions will not be attracted by the
resins, so running the DI water through a
second cycle will provide for additional
purification.
In other words, the more you run the
deionized water through, the more pure the
yielding water will be
Deionization
For satisfactory deionization the water must
pass through the resin column slowly and
evenly.
It takes 1 hour to obatin 4-5 litres of distilled
water
If water is allowed to pass rapidly, it form a
channel through or down the side of resin
instead of passing evenly through the entire
resin bed.
Uneven passage of water indicated by the
resin changing colour unevenly down one
side of the column
2
Deionizer resins
To maximize the life of the resin the following
are important:
Deionizer resins
Filtration
When using a gravity water filter fitted with a
ceramic candle filter with 0.9 m porosity
Most bacteria, parasitic microorganisms and
suspended particles can be removed from the
water but not dissolved salts
Cut-away showing
Bacteria Trapped on
Outer Wall of the
Ceramic
Simple Cleaning
Thank you