CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

is the part of thenervous system

consisting of thebrainandspinal
cord.
This system controls the other
system of the body. Its afflictions are
reflected in the other systems of the
body, and affliction in the other
system are reflected in the nervous
system.

NEURON
Is the structural unit. It has body in which
the nucleus is placed and processes that
extend out from this body. The processes
are DENDRITES which transmit nerve
impulses towards the body and the AXON
which transmit nerve impulses away from
the body.
Circuit are formed in the nervous system
by interconnections between Neurons and
theses connection are called synapses

THE BRAIN
is an organ
that serves
as the center
of the
nervous
system in all
vertebrate
and most
invertebrate
animals

 Gray matter- composed of nerve cell

bodies
White matter- compose of myelinated
nerve fibers.
Nucleus- a mass of gray matter in any
part of the brain and spinal cord
Commissure- a band of fibers joining
corresponding opposite parts of the
brain and spinal cord

DIVISION OF THE BRAIN

1. FOREBRAIN (PROSENCEPHALON)
TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)
DIENCEPHALON (thalamus, epithalamus,
hypothalamus)

2. MIDBRAIN (MESENCEPHALON)
CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA
CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES
3. HINDBRAIN (RHOMBENCEPHALON)
CEREBELLUM,PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA

FOREBRAIN
TELENCEPHALON

TELENCEPHALON
(cerebrum)
the largest portion of the brain.
holds the instructions for everything
you do in your daily life

Parts of the cerebrum

Gyri- They help to separate the lobes
based on its functional roles and
increase the overall size of the
cerebrum.
Sulcus- a groove or furrow, especially
one on the surface of the brain. Also
called fissure

GYRI
he specific gyrus used for motor
functions in the frontal lobe is called
thepre-central gyrus;
the gyrus used for sensory function
in the parietal lobe is called
thepost-central gyrus.

SULCUS
thecentral sulcusis a deepened
groove used to separate the frontal
lobe from the parietal lobe.
Longitudinal fissure: which divides
the cerebrum into the two
hemispheres.
Collateral fissure: found in the
inferior temporal lobe of the brain

SULCUS (FISSURE)
HIPPOCAMPAL SULCUS: a sulcus that extends from
the brain's corpus callosum to the tip of the temporal
lobe.
Transverse fissure: found between the cerebrum
and the cerebellum. Note that a "transverse fissure"
can also be found in theliverandlungs.
Occipitoparietal fissure: found between the
occipital and parietal lobes of the brain.
Fissure of Sylvius: separates the frontal and
parietal lobes of the brain from the temporal lobe.
Wernicke's fissure: separates the brain's temporal
and parietal lobes from the occipital lobe.

FOUR LOBE OF THE BRAIN

Frontal Lobe

Movement of the body

Personality
Concentration, planning, problem solving
Meaning of words
Emotional reactions
Speech
Smell

Parietal Lobe
Touch and pressure
Taste
Body awareness
Temporal Lobe

Hearing
Recognizing faces
Emotion
Long-term memory

Occipital Lobe

DIENCEPHALON
THALAMUS
It helps to control the attention span,
sensing pain and monitors input that
moves in and out of the brain to keep
track of the sensations the body is
feeling.
The thalamus has been thought of as a
"relay" that simply forwards signals to
the cerebral cortex.

DIENCEPHALON
Epithalamus
a part of the dorsal forebrain
to connect thelimbic systemto other
parts of the brain

DIENCEPHALON
HYPOTHALAMUS
A releasing hormonesor hypothalamic
hormones
controls mood, thirst, hunger and
temperature.

MIDBRAIN
Central aqueduct of Sylvius
Canal wich connects the 3rd and 4th
ventricles of the brain

MIDBRAIN
Corpora quadrigemina
Four rounded nuclear masse consisting
of:
Superior colliculli- upper 2 for visual reflexes
Inferior colliculli- lower 2 for auditory
reflexes

MIDBRAIN
CEREBRAL PEDUNCLE
A pair of cylindrical bodies made up of
nerve fiber tracts which connect to the
forebrain with the hindbrain

HINDBRAIN
CEREBELLUM
the little brain
essential body functions such as
processing procedural memories,
balance, posture and coordination,
allowing humans to move properly and
maintain their structure.

HINDBRAIN
PONS
thepons Varolii("bridge of Varolius")
It interprets information that is used in
sensory analysis or motor control. The
pons also creates the level of
consciousness necessary for sleep.

HINDBRAIN
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
A Cone-shaped
maintains vital body functions such as
the heart rate and breathing.

SUPPORTING STRUCTURES

SKULL
MEANINGES
CORPUS CALLOSUM
BRAINSTEM

BRAINSTEM
the central trunk of the mammalian
brain
connecting the brain with thespinal
cordand the rest of the body

CORPUS CALLOSUM
a broad band of nerve fibers joining
the two hemispheres of the brain.
is a thick band of nerve fibers

SKULL
is abonystructure in theheadof most
vertebrates (in particular,craniates) that
supports the structures of thefaceand
forms a protectivecavityfor the brain.
The skull forms the anterior most portion
of theskeletonand is a product of
encephalization, housing thebrain,
many sensory structures (eyes, ears,
nasal cavity), and the feeding system.

MENINGES
Are compose of the membranes that
cover the brain and spinal cord
There 3 major layer
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

DURA MATER
Consist of 2 layer dense fibrous
tissue containing many blood
vessels.

ARACHNOID MATER
Is a delicate serous membrane
situated between the dura and pia
mater. It is separated from the dura
by a potential space know as the
subdural space, and from the pia
mater by a definite space, the
subarachnoid space where the
cerebrospinal fluid flow.

PIA MATER
A fine vascular membrane consisting
mainly of minute blood vessels that
are supported by fine connective
tissues. It closely invests the brain
completely covering the convolution
and dipping down into each fissure.

CSF
This formed and secreted within the
ventricle of the brain by the choroid
plexus. It is a clear, slightly alkaline
fluid consisting of water, protein,
some glucose, lymphocytes and
hormones.
The averages amount of CSF is 80200 mL.

PATHWAY OF THE CSF

PATHWAY OF CSF
Choroid plexuslateral
ventriclesInterventricular
foramen of monroethird
ventricle aqueduct of sylvies or
iter fourth ventriclelateral
foramina of lushca and median
foramen of magendie
subarachnoid spaceabsorbed
through the arachnoid villi and
drained into the superior sagittal

Blood supply
Internal carotid canal form the
common carotid, enters the cranial
cavity through the carotid canal
Ventral cana form the subclavian
artery ascends by passing through
the vertebral foramina of the cervical
vertebra. It enters the foramen
magnum and unites to form basiller
artery.

Blood drainage of the brain

The blood drainage is through the
large venous sinuses derived from
the dura maer and into the internal
jugular vein at either side of the neck

CRANIAL NERVES

The cranial nerves are 12 paired sets

of nerves that arise from the
brain/brainstem
and
leave
the
Central Nervous System through
cranial foramina

There are 2 general categories of cranial

nerve function:
1. Sensory functions
Special senses Vision
General senses Touch and pain in the
face
2. Motor functions
Somatic motor cranial nerves innervate
skeletal muscles in the head and neck
Parasympathetic cranial nerves innervate
glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac
muscle

I Olfactory

(Sensory)

Located in olfactory bulb of brain

and has olfactory receptors for
sense of smell

II Optic

(Sensory)

This sensory cranial nerve leads from

eyes to thalamus
Vision

III Oculomotor
(Motor, Parasympathetic)

Arise from midbrain and leads to eye

muscles (including eyelids & lens)
and pupil
Eyelid and eyeball movement;
constricts pupils, thickens lens

IV Trochlear

(Motor)
It work with the oculomotor nerve to
produce the eye movements

V Trigeminal (Motor & Sensory)

Largest cranial nerve
Muscles of mastication
Sensory for head/neck, meninges, sinuses, &
external surface of tympanic membrane
Divided into three branches consisting of the
ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves.

VI Abducens

(Motor)

Eye movement (laterally)

VII Facial
(Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic)

Sensory: Taste
Motor: Muscles of facial expression
Parasympathetic: Salivary and tear
glands

VIII Vestibulocochlear

(Sensory)

Vestibular nerve Balance

Cochlear nerve - Hearing

IX Glossopharyngeal
(Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic)

Swallowing, sense of taste, and

saliva secretion

X Vagus
(Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic)

Smooth muscle sensory and motor

control in throat, lungs, heart, and
digestive tract

XI Accessory

(Motor)

Movement of neck and shoulders

XII Hypoglossal

(Motor)

Movement of tongue, swallowing,

and speech

CEREBRUM
(Telencephalon & Diencephalon)
The Olfactory and Optic nerves arise from the anterior
portion of the brain

MIDBRAIN
The Oculomotor and Trochlear nerves stem from the
midbrain

PONS
The Trigeminal, Abducens, and Facial nerves arise in the
pons
Vestibulocochlear nerve arises in the inner ears & goes to
the pons

MEDULLA OBLONGATA
The Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory,
and Hypoglossal nerves are attached to the
medulla oblongata

SPINAL
NERVES

Spinal nerves
is a mixednerve, which carries
motor, sensory, and autonomic
signals between thespinal cordand
the body. In the humanthere are 31
pairs of spinal nerves, one on each
side of thevertebral column.
The spinal nerves are part of the
peripheral nervous system.

Regional nerves
NERVES

ORIGIN

CRANIAL
NERVES

are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae

THORACIC
NERVES

originates from below each correspondingthoracic

vertebra

LUMBAR NERVES are the five spinal nerves emerging from the
lumbar vertebrae.
SACRAL NERVES

arising through the sacrum

COCCYGEAL
NERVES

It arises from the conus medullaris

SPINAL
FUCNTIONS
NERVESNeck flexors
C1-c6
C1T1

Neckextensors

C3,C4,
C5

Supplydiaphragm(mostlyC4)

C5,C6

L1L4

Moveshoulder, raisearm(deltoid); flex elbow (biceps)

externally rotate (supinate) the arm
Extendelbowandwrist(tricepsand wristextensors);
pronatewrist
Flex wrist; supply small muscles of thehand
Intercostalsandtrunkabove thewaist
Abdominalmuscles
Flexthigh

L2,L3,
L4

Adductthigh; Extendlegat theknee(quadriceps femoris)

L4,L5,
S1

abductthigh; Flex leg at the knee (hamstrings);Dorsiflex

foot(tibialis anterior); Extendtoes
Extend leg at thehip(gluteus maximus);Plantarflex foot
and flex toes

C6
C6,C7
C7,T1
T1T6
T7L1

L5,S1,
S2

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

TRIGEMINAL
NEURALGIA
Also called tic doulourex
Is a form of neuropathic pain
Is a chronic pain condition that
affects the 5th cranial nerve

CAUSE AND PREVENTION

CAUSE
Most of trigeminal
neuralgia are
believed to be
caused by blood
vessel pressing on
the root of the
trigeminal nerve

PREVENTION
EAT SOFT FOODS
Make sure your
drinks and food are
not too cold or hot
when you consume
them
Wash your face with
lukewarm water