PRAGMATICS

Dina Rachmawati, S.S., M. Pd

WHAT IS PRAGMATICS?
What the writer or speaker of those words
intended to convey.
The study of invisible meaning.
How we recognize what is meant when it isnt
actually said or written.
The study of intended speaker meaning.

CONTEXT

Linguistics context (co-text)

Put

together with another word

Homonym

physical context
Location

influences the interpretation

DEIXIS
Referring to people and thing
Deixis + physical context = meaning

Person

deixis ( I, you, him, her, them, etc)

Place deixis (here, there, this, that, etc)
Time deixis (now, then, yesterday, etc)

FREE BEER TOMORROW

You will have to bring that back tomorrow
because they are not here now.

REFERENCE

An act by which a speaker uses language to

enable listener to identify something.
People

things
Things people

We saw Shakespeare in London and we enjoyed

listening to Mozart last week.

ANAPHORA

Subsequent reference to an already introduced

entity.
Dr.

Dang gave Mary some medicine after she asked

him for it.
I was waiting for the bus but he just drove by without
stopping

The connection between referent and anaphora

MAY NOT ALWAYS be direct.

PRESUPPOSITION
Commonly use in interrogation.
An assumption made by the speaker.
What a speaker ASSUMES is true or is known by
the hearer.
Background beliefs of the speaker.

My

cousin is not a boy anymore.

Bob does not regret that he beat his dog.
Bob has not stopped beating his dog.

SPEECH ACTS

Actions that are carried out through language.

Requesting

Commanding
Questioning
Informing

Indirect speech act: to perform a function other

than listed beside it(in the same line)
There is a request behind the utterance.

CONT..SPEECH ACTS
Visitor: Excuse me, do you know where is the
Ambassador Hotel is?
Passer by: Oh sure, I know where it is. (and walks
away)
Dealing with ability to do something.

CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

Implicature: an additional conveyed meaning.

[I]

humberger is a humberger

By stating [Il], the speaker expects that the listener will be

able to work out, on the basis of what is already known, the
implicature intended in this context.

Cooperative Principle: principle which suggests that

conversants in a conversation cooperates and work based
on principle that they give information as is required.
(H.P.Grice, 1975)

Maxim of Quality

Maxim of Quantity

Maxim of Reletion

Maxim of Manner

POLITENESS

Politeness = means employed to show awareness of another

persons face
Face (Public Self Image (Socially/
emotionally)
Negative Face (the want to beindependent, to have freedom of
actions & free from others impossition)
Positive Face (the want to be connected)

Face threatening act

Represent a threat to another persons self image.
Use direct speech to order someone to do something.
Eg: Give me that paper. (as if you have the power when youre
not)

Face saving act

Lessen the possible threat
Indirect speech
Eg: Could you pass me that paper please?

CONTPOLITENESS

Negative face
Need

to be independent and freedom from imposition.

Positive face
Need

to be connected, to belong and to be a member

of the group.

REFERENCES
OGrady, Dobrovolsky and Aronoff.(1997)
Contemporary Linguistics 3rd ed. New York: St.
Martins Press.
Yule,G (2003) The Study of Language 2 nd ed.
Cambridge: University Press.
Brown, H.D. (2000). Principles of Language
Learning and Teaching 4th ed. New York: Pearson
Education

Analyze this dialogue based on Politeness theory

X:
Good morning, Sir.
Y:
Morning

Hi buddy this utterance indicates/ shows the closeness of the

speaker & hearer. Because the term of addres/ word buddy is
used for someone who we know so well

Analyze this utterance based on speech acts theory

Buyer/ customer: I want a cup of black coffee

Identify types of deixis in this utterance!

We met Linda in Bandung last week and now we are meeing
you here.