THEOCCIPITALLOBE

OL

Function:Vision:perceptionofform,movementandcolor.
Separatedfromparietallobeby:
Parietooccipitalsulcus.
WithintheOL3landmarks:
Calcrinefissure:Div.Theupper
andlowerhalvesofthevisual
world.
LingualGyrus:V2&VP
FusiformGyrus:V4

SubdivisionsoftheOL
(6+Areas)

1. V1
2. V2

PrimaryVisual
Cortex

3. V3
4. V3A
5. V4
6. V5

SecondaryVisual
Cortex

OL

OL

Connections
V1Largestarea,calledstriatecortex.
V1
Receivesthelargestinputfromthe
LGNandprojectstoALLotheroccipital
regions.1stprocessinglevel.
V2Alsoprojectstoallotheroccipitalareas.
SegregatesinfofromV1.

V2

V2
V3(A)
V4
V5
V1
V3(A)
V4
V5

OL

Connectionscont

2Pathwaysintothevisualbrain
1. Geniculostriatesystem
2. Tectopulvinarsystem
1
LGN

Dorsal(ParL)

HoworWhere
VisualGuidenceofmov.

V1V2

Eye
Tectum

l
dia
e
M

Pulvinar

(SupColli)

(Thal)

Ventral(TempL)

La
te

ral

What
Obj.perception&recog.

BeyondtheOcc.L
VisualprocessinginhumansdoesNOTculminateinthe
Secondaryvisualares(V3,V4,V5)butcontinueswithinmultiple
visualregionsintheparietal,temporalandfrontallobes.

OL

OL

TheoryofO.LFunction
V1&V2functionlikemailboxes:segregatinginfotootherareas
involvedintheperceptionof:Color/Form/Motion
V3 Dynamicform(dancing)
V3A Justform

V4 Color&Shape
V5 Perceptionofmotion

SelectiveLesionsAffectspecificfunctions
V1 Ifeverythingelseintact,Ssactlikeiftheywereblind
butvisualinputstillgetsthroughtheotherareas(V2)
BlindSight
V2 LikeV1butlesssevere
V3 Perceptionofformisaffected
V4 Visioningrayshades
V5 Cantperceiveobjectsinmotion

TheoryofO.LFunctionCont

OL

5Typesofvisualfunctions
Visionforaction:Visualprocessing
requiredtodirectspecific
movements.
Actionforvision:Activesearchof
thetargetobject.Selectiveattention.

Grandma!

VisualRecognition:Ventralstreaminfo
tothetemporallobespecializedin
recognitionoffaces
Grandmothercells

TheoryofO.LFunctionCont
5Typesofvisualfunctions

. VisualSpace:Visualinfocomesformspecificlocationinspace.
Objectshavealocationrelativetoanindividual(egocentric),
ortooneanother(allocentric).

. VisualAttention:Processoffeaturesofthevisualworld(otherwise
itwouldbetoomuch!).

OL

Dorsal&Ventralstreamfunctions

OL

Milner&Goodalestudies
PatientDF:Blindbutdorsalstream
intact,sopatientshapedherhand
Appropriatelywhilereaching.
Unconsciouslyseelocation
sizeandshape.
PatientVK:Ventralstreamintact,
Canseeobjectsbutcantreach
Accuratelyorshapethehand.

SymptomsofOLDamage
1. ObjectAgnosia
a)Apperceptive
b)Associative

1.Agnosias
2.MonocularBlindness
3.BitemporalBlindness
4.NasalHemianopia
5.HomonymousHemianopia2. OthervisualAgnosias
Alexia
6.Quadrantanopia
Visualspatialagnosia
7.Scotoma
Prosopagnosia:

OL

SymptomsofOLDamageCont

ObjectAgnosia
a)Apperceptiveagnosia:Cantrecognizeanobjectalthoughbasic
visualfunctions(color,motionetc.)arepreserved.Cantcopyor
matchsimpleobjects.Canseeonethingatatime:Simultagnosia.
DiffusebilaterallesionintheventralstreaminOL.
b)Associativeagnosia:Cantrecognizeobjectsinspiteofbeing
toperceivethem.Subjectscandescribetheobject,knowwhatit
isfor,copyit,butcantidentifyit.LesioninventralstreaminTL.

OL

OL

Summary:
FunctionofOLisvision,perceptionofformmovementandcolor.
Threemajorroutes:ventrallyintothetemporallobe,dorsallyintothe
parietallobe,andamiddleroutegoingtotheSTS.
Ventralstreamforstimulusrecognition,dorsalstreamforguidance
ofmovementsinspace.
Someoccipitalregionsarefunctionallyasymmetrical:word
recognitionontheleftandfacialrecognitionandmentalrotationon
theright.

THEPARIETALLOBE

Function:Processesandintegratessomatosensoryandvisualinfo
withregardtothecontrolofmovement.

Separatedfromthefrontallobe
Bythecentralfissure,fromthe
TemporallobebytheSylvian
Fissureandfromtheoccipital
Lobebytheparietooccipital
Sulcus.

PL

SubdivisionsofthePL
WithinthePL:
Postcentralgyrus(B.A.1,2,3)
ParOperculum(B.A.43)
SuperiorParLobule(B.A.5,7)
Supramarginalgyrus(B.A.40)
Angulargyrus(B.A.39)
AnteriorZone:Includes:
PostcentralgyrusandParOperculum
Called:Somatosensorycortex.Processes
Somaticsensationandperception.
PosteriorZone:Includes:
SuperiorParLobule,supramarginal&
angularareas.Called:PosteriorParietal
Cortex.Processescontrolofmovementwithsomaticand
visualinfo.

PL

PL

Connections
1.ThesomatosensorycortexprojectstoPE,primarymotorcortex,
Supplementaryandpremotorareas.Fortactilerecognition,sensory
infoaboutlimbpositioninthecontrolofmovement.
vonEconomosmaps3PPareas:
PE,PF,PG

S1

PE
M1
SupM
PreM

PL
Connectionscont
2.PEoutputtoM1toguidemovementwithtactileinformation,input
fromS1(1,2,3).
3.PFoutputtoM1toguidemovementwithtactileandvisualinfo
inputfromS1throughPE.
4.PGoutputtoFL.Maindorsalstream,visionforactioncontrolof
spatiallyguidedbehavior.Inputfrom
visual,somesthetic,proprioceptive,
auditory,vestibular,oculomotor
andcingulate.

Connectionscont
5.PGoutputtoparalimbicformemoryofmovements
6.PG&PFoutputtoPFCforSTMofvisualguidedmovements.
7.PGoutputtotemporalforprocessingtheshapeofobjects

So,theAPCprocessessomaticsensation
andperceptionandthePPCintegrates
sensoryinputfromthesomaticandvisualregionsforthecontrol
ofmovement.

PL

TheoryofP.LFunction

PL

Theremustbeaspatial(internal)representationofthings.Thereisa
maporseveralmapsthat:

Makemovementstodifferentobjects
Discriminatesimilarobjects
Makemovementsrelativetobodyposition
Orderthemovements
Attendtosomeobjectsandignoreothers

OtheraspectsofPLfunction:
1. Arithmetic:Mathhasquasispatialnature,youhavetomanipulate
numbersinspace.Lefttempoparietal.
2. Language:Alsoquasispatialdemands:tappatsameletters
differentspatialorganization
3. Understandingsequencesofmovement

Somatosensorysymptoms

PL

(anteriorzone,areas1,2,3,43)
1. Somatosensorythresholds:
2.PerceptualDisorders
3. Blindtouch
4. Somatosensoryagnosias:

2.SimultaneousExtinction:
objectscanonlybeperceived
ifpresentedoneatatimeR>L

PosteriorParietalSymptoms
(PE,PF,PG)

1. Balintssyndrome
2. Contralateralneglect
3.Objectrecognition:
4.Gerstmannsyndrome
5.Languagedeficits
6.Apraxia:a.Ideomotor
b.Constructional

7.Recalldeficits
8.Acopia
9.SpatialAttention
10.SpatialCognition
11.Attentionalshiftforaction
12.Mentalimaging

NeglectfollowsaRPPLxbecausetheintegration
ofthespatialpropertiesofstimulibecomes
disturbed.Althoughstimuliareperceived,their
locationisuncertaintotheCNS=ignoreit.

PL

PL

NeuropsychologicalAssessment

THETEMPORALLOBE

Function:Processesvisualandauditoryinformation,andintegrates
themforemotion,spatialnavigationandspatialandobject
recognition.

Includesallthetissuethatliesbelow
theSylviansulcusandanteriortothe
OL.Includessubcorticalstructures:
limbiccortex,amygdala,and
hippocampus.

TL

SubdivisionsoftheTL
WithintheTL:
SuperiorTemporalGyrus:multimodal
receivinginputsfromauditory,visual
andsomaticregionsaswellasfrom
theFC,PCandparalimbiccortex.
MiddleTemporalGyrus:(Limbic
cortex).Includestheamygdala,uncus,
hippocampus,subiculum,entorhinal
andperirhinalcorticesandthe
fusiformgyrus.
InferiorTemporalGyrus:(Visual
regions).Includesthefusiform
gyrus,calledTE.

TL

Connections

TheTLreceivesafferentsfromthesensorysystems,andsends
efferentstoparietal,frontal,limbicsystemandbasalganglia.
5distincttypesofcorticocorticalconnections:

.Hierarchicalsensorypathway:Fromprimaryandsecondaryvisual
andauditoryareas.Ventralstream.Forstimulusrecognition.

.Dorsalauditorypathway:FromauditoryareastoPPC.Fordetecting
spatiallocalizationofauditoryinputs.

3.PolymodalPathway:parallelprojectionsfromthevisualand
auditoryassociationareasintotheSTS.Forstimuluscategorization.

TL

Connectionscont

MedialTemporalprojection:fromthevisualandauditoryassociation
areasintothemedialtemporalorlimbic.Called:perforantpathway.
Forlongtermmemory.
AAperirhinal entorhinal hippocampus amygdala

Frontallobeprojection:fromthevisualandauditoryassociation
areasintotheFL.Formovementcontrolandshorttermmemory.

TL

TheoryofTLFunction

Onthebasisofcorticalanatomy3basicsensoryfunctions:
. Processingofauditoryinput
. Visualobjectrecognition
. Longtermstorageofsensoryinput(memory)

TheTLisaWHATsystemforauditoryandvisualinfothatisgoingto:
. Identify
. Categorize
. Store
. Giveaffect

TL

TheoryofTLFunctioncont
TheSTSandbiologicalmotions:speciestypicalmovements,
necessaryforsocialperception.E.g.dogssniffingeachothersbutt
TheSTSanalyzesthesetypeofmovements.Necessaryforsocial
Cognition=thedevelopmentofhypothesesabouttheintentions
ofotherSs.=TheoryofMind

SswithRTLcantdotheoryof
Mindandtheirpersonalities
aresticky:egocentricand
negative.

TL

SymptomsofTLDamage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Disturbanceofauditorysensationandperception
Disordersofmusicperception
Disordersofvisualperception
Disordersintheselectionofvisualandauditoryinput
Impairedorganizationandcategorizationofsensoryinput
Inabilitytousecontextualinformation
ImpairedLTM
Alteredpersonalityandaffectivebehavior
Alteredsexualbehavior

TL

SymptomsofTLDamagecont
1.Disturbanceofauditorysensationandperception
Formants:Frequencyorsoundwavesspecificto
eachvowelsound.BaGaDa
A.Language
Context:Duckanddeerweperceiveitasthe
samealthoughtheformantisdifferent.
Speed:Languageisfast,wecategorizethesounds
LeftTLLxmoreaffected
2.Disordersofmusicperception
Thebrainhasneuralnetworksdedicatedtotheprocessingof
languageandmusic=botharebiologicalprocesses.
Proof:neanderthalflute,infantshavepreferencesformusic,
congenitalamusia(tonedeafness).
RTLLxmoreaffected,RTLisnecessarytodistinguishmelodies.

TL

TL

NeuropsychologicalAssessment