FITS and TOLERANCES

Control Measurements of
Finished Parts

Indicating the Desired Dimension

Indication of the Real Dimension of Parts

Due to the
inevitable
inaccuracy of
manufacturing
methods, a part
cannot be made
precisely to a
given dimension.

Indication of the Real Dimension of Parts

Indication of the Real Dimension of Parts

Selection of Waste Parts

Selection of Waste Parts

Waste results when the manufacturing process cannot

maintain size within prescribed limits.

Selection of Acceptable Parts

Selection of Acceptable Parts

There is no such thing as an "exact size".

Important Terms Single Part

Nominal Size general size, usually
expressed in mms
Actual Size measured size of the finished
part
Limits maximum and minimum sizes shown
by tolerances (larger value is the upper limit
and the smaller value is the lower limit)
Tolerance total allowable variance in
dimensions (upper limit lower limit)
object dimension could be as big as the
upper limit or as small as the lower limit or
anywhere in between.

Characteristics of Tolerances

Characteristics of Tolerances

Connection btw the characteristics:

US = N + UD
LS = N LD
T = US LS =

The Possible Positions of the

Tolerance Zone

 The tolerance zone is above the zero (base)

line

 The tolerance zone is on the zero (base)

line

 The tolerance zone is under the zero (base)

line

Possible positions of the tolerance zone

in case of shafts
ISO standard uses tolerance position letters with lowercase letters for the
shafts.

Fundamental Deviation: is the deviation closest to the basic size.

FYI: The ISO System of Limits and Fits (referred

to as the ISO system) is covered in national
standards throughout the world, as shown by
the following list:
Global ISO 286
USA ANSI B4.2
Japan JIS B0401
Germany DIN 7160//61
France NF E 02-100-122
UK BSI 4500
Italy UNI 6388
Australia AS 1654

Possible positions of the tolerance zone in

the case of holes
ISO standard uses tolerance position letters with capital letters for the holes.

Fundamental Deviation: is the deviation closest to the basic size.

Schematic representation of the

placement of the tolerance interval

A trsnagysg szabvnyos rtkei

IT: International Tolerance

 Example: A shaft of nominal diameter 25

mm is going to be manufactured. IT grade
is required to be IT7.
Determine the tolerance on the shaft.

Fits Between Mating Parts

ILLUSTRATION OF DEFINITIONS

Fits Between Mating Parts

Fit: degree of tightness between two
parts.
Fit types:
Clearance Fit tolerance of mating parts
always leaves a space
Interference Fit tolerance of mating parts
always results in interference
Transition Fit sometimes interferes,
sometimes clears

Clearance Fit

The mating parts have such upper and lower

limits that a clearance always results when the
mating parts are assembled.

Clearance Fit (e.g.: H7/f6)

Clearance Fit (pl. H7/f6)

Clearance Fit (pl. H7/f6)

Transition Fit

Either a clearance or an interference may result

depending on the exact value of the dimensions
of the machined shaft and hole within the
specified tolerance zones.

Transition Fit (e.g.: H7/j6)

Transition Fit (e.g.: H7/j6)

Transition Fit (e.g.: H7/j6)

Transition Fit (e.g.: H7/j6)

Interference Fit

The mating parts have such limits that the lowest

shaft diameter is larger than the largest hole
diameter..

Interference Fit (e.g. H7/p6)

Interference Fit (e.g. H7/p6)

Interference Fit (e.g. H7/p6)

Basic Systems for Fit Specification

In order to standardize dimensioning of fits, two
basic systems are used:
1)Basic Hole System: Minimum hole diameter is
taken as the basis. Lower deviation for the hole is
equal to zero. Dmax is prescribed according to the
specified tolerance.
2)Basic Shaft System: Maximum shaft diameter is
taken as the basis. Upper deviation for the Shaft
is equal to zero. dmin is prescribed according to
the specified tolerance.

Basic Hole System

Toleranced dimensions are commonly
determined using the basic hole system in
which the minimum hole size is taken as
the basic size.

Fits in Basic Hole System

Basic Shaft System

In this system, the maximum shaft is taken
as the basic size and is used only in
specific circumstances.

Fits in Basic Shaft System

Indicating Tolerances

Two ways of indicating tolerances on

technical drawings
Limits of a dimension or the tolerance values
are specified directly with the dimension.

Questions

Indicating tolerances
The dimension is given by:
a shape symbol,
nominal size,
a letter indicating the
position of the tolerance
zone in relation to zero line,
a number indicating the
width of the tolerance zone.
(quality of production?)

Specifying Fits in Technical

Drawings

DIMENSIONING OF TOLERANCES
-RULES
The upper deviation should be
written above the lower
deviation value irrespective of
whether it is a shaft or a hole.
Both deviations are
expressed to the same
number of decimal places,
except in the cases where the
deviation in one direction is
nil.

Example
For a nominal diameter of 25 mm and for a fit
specification of H7/j5 determine the following:
Type of the tolerancing system
Tolerance on the hole
Tolerance on the shaft
Upper and lower limits of the hole (Dmax, Dmin)
Upper and lower limits of the shaft (dmax, dmin)
Type of the fit

Key
a) H7/j5 Basic Hole System
b) D = 25 mm, from the given table:
H7

21 m
0 m

+
-

j5

5 m
- 4 m

nominal size

H7
j5
Th 21 m

c) Ts 9 m