Team of Austria

Markus Kunesch, Julian Ronacher, Angel Usunov,

Katharina Wittmann, Bernhard Zatloukal

Reporter: Katharina Wittmann

No. 10 Kaye effect

When a thin stream of shampoo is poured onto a surface a small stream of
liquid occasionally leaps out. This effect lasts less than a second but
occurs repeatedly. Investigate this phenomenon and give an explanation.

Team Austria
powered by:

IYPT 2008 Trogir, Croatia

Overview

Experiments to get to know the effect

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
EXPERIMENT 1 VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
EXPERIMENT 2 HEIGHT OF POURING STREAM
EXPERIMENT 3 DIAMETER OF POURING STREAM
EXPERIMENT 4 VELOCITY OF POURING STREAM
EXPERIMENT 5 VARIOUS ANGLES OF SURFACE

Categories of observed phenomena

Conclusion from experimental data
Theory
- PHYSICAL APPROACH
- MATHEMATICAL APPROACH
- CHEMICAL APPRACH

Arguments proving Theory

Conclusion
2

Experiments to get to know the effect

Experimental setup

Experiments to get to know the effect

Experimental setup

Experiment 1) various substances

Soap water
Sugar water
Pure water
Shampoo water solution (50:50)
Shampoo water solution (70:30)
Shampoo water solution (90:10)
Shampoo
Ketchup
Toothpaste
Body lotion

Experiment 2) Height of pouring stream

20 cm

30cm

50cm

60cm

40cm

Experiment 3) Diameter of pouring stream

We compared different shampoos

Diameter measurement: between 0.4 and 0.6 mm (measurement error 10%)

Shampoos with little viscosity and therefore little diameter work better

Experiment 4) velocity of pouring steam

Analysed the way of

bubbles in the shampoo
Velocity varies with height
and type of shampoo
Velocity working best for
shampoo Beauty kiss is
between
0.4 m/s and 1m/s
Upper limit:
about 1.5 m/s
Lower limit:
about 0.2 m/s

(measurement error 10%)

Experiment 5) various angles

30

45

80

Effect occurs at any angle from horizontal to nearly vertical. The only difference is the
form of appearance and the stability of the effect.
The Kaye effect at 0 only lasts for a split second and could be determined in our
experiments by the observation of little splashes around the dimple.
The Kaye effect at bigger angles can be stable for even over a minute and show cascades
below the dimple

Experiments to get to know the effect

Categories of observed phenomena

10

Conclusion

from experimental data and development of theory

Certain pressure on the medium alters it in a way that leads to

physical and chemical change of ist properties
This change in properties could be observed to be:
The Resistance of the medium against the
incoming jet increases
After a certain limit, this Resistance makes the
jet apparently reflect
The Important factor seems to be the pressure
acting on the Medium
Parameters that have an influence on the
pressure also have an influence on the effect
This effect occurs only with a certain type of
Fluids, that meet the described changes
11

Theory
Physical approach

Physical-Chemical approach

Mathematical approach

1.

It enters the dimple

The pressure causing the shear

stress mainly depends on the
velocity:

2.

Due to the pressure there

forms a boundary layer which
is thinner and therefore acts
like a lubricant

Shear rate:

3.

The incoming jet slides apart

on this boundary layer in a Ushape

4.

If the surface is horizontal,

the upgoing jet usually hits
the downgoing one, which
stops the effect after some
split seconds (300ms)

5.

Viscosity within boundary layer:

viscosity without shear

stress (5-10 Pa.s)
viscosity of water (1Pa.s)
critical shear (10-20/s)

The effect stops the moment

it lacks pressure (iritation
dimple etc.)

12

Theory
Physical approach

Physical-Chemical
approach
Shear thinning lubricant like
behaviour in boundary layer from
chemical side:

Mathematical approach

We can therefore calculate

the shear dependent
viscosity with the velocity
from our experimental data
to be:
1-2 Pa.s
Mathematics prove:

Rin Vin Rout Vout

Viscosity in boundary
layer is lower than in
shampoo (shear-thinning)
It is dependent on veloticy
of incoming jet

13

Theory

The Kaye-effect

Arguments proving the theory

THE EFFECT OCCURS WITH SHEAR THINNING SUBSTANCES THAT HAVE A CERTAIN
VISCOSITY :

SHAMPOO

IT DOESNT OCCUR WITH SHEAR THINNING SUBSTANCES THAT DONT HAVE THE RIGHT
VISCOSITY AND THEREFORE CANT REACH THE RIGHT VELOCITY:

KETCHUP
BLOOD
PAINT

NOT WITH SUBSTANCES WITHOUT SHEAR THINNING PROPERTIES SUCH AS:

WATER
WATER AND SUGAR
MUD

FURTHERMORE IT CAN BE TAKEN AS EVIDENCE THAT:

THE EFFECT DEPENDS ON PRESSURE AND VELOCITY

ALL THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF PHENOMENA CAN BE EASILY EXPLAINED USING THE THEORY
INFLUENCE OF VISCOSITY AND HEIGHT BECOMES OBVIOUS
THEORY, EXPERIMENT AND ACCURATE LITERATURE BRING TOTAL CORRELATION

15

Conclusion

Problem: When a thin stream of shampoo is poured onto a

surface, a small stream of liquid occasionally leaps out. This
effect usually lasts less than a second but occurs repeatedly.
Investigate this phenomenon and give an explanation.

Our results:
-

Approached the problem through a serial of

own experiments
Documented every aspect with various digital
media
Developed own theory based on experimental
data
and
accurate
literature
Explained the Kaye effect (stable and instable)
Gave physical, chemical and mathematical
descriptions
Theory and Experiment show no contradiction
but
complete
each
other
Own experimental data and experimental data
in
literature
correlate perfectly
16

References
Versluis, M., Blom, C., Van der Meer, D., Van der Weele, K. & Lohse D. (2006):
Leaping shampoo and the stabel Kaye effect.- J. Statistical Mechanics
P07007: 1-12
Kaye, A. (1963): A bouncing liquid stream.- Nature:
Versluis, M. (2008): personal contact via e-mail correspondence

17

Extraslides
How could we take those photos?
Whats shampoo?
Non-Newtonian fluids

18

How could we take those fotos?

Data of fotoequipment:
Sony Alfa 100
Twinflash makroflashlight
Time of makroflash:
1/10000 1/25000 s

Whats shampoo?

Basic reception:
Aqua
Tensids (Carboxylate, Alkylsulfate, Alkylethersulfate, Sulfo- succinate)
Salts (Sodium Chloride)
Proteins (Laurdimonium Hydroxypropyl Hydrolyzed wheat protein)
Alcohol (Linalool)
Fats or fatlike substances (Cocamidopropyl Betaine),
Glucosides (Oligo-, Polysaccharid)
Parfums
Preservatives
Plant extracts
Thickening agent

Non-Newtonian fluids
Non Newtonian Fluids: Fluids with changing viscosity
Shear dependent viscosity:
More pressure means harder dilatant
More pressure means softer shear-thinning
Time dependent viscosity:
The longer the harder rheopex
The longer the softer tixotrophic

Shampoo can therefore be classified to be a

shear-thinning and tixotrophic non-newtonian fluid