N307 Research for EvidenceBased Practice

SDSU IV Campus
Fall 2015
Chapter 6: Samples
To What Types of Patients Do These Research
Conclusions ApplyWho Was in the Study?
(Used with modification by L. Greiner Fall 2015)

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Key Terms

Population
Sample
Non-probability sample
Probability sample
Recruitment
Inclusion criteria
Bias

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The differences between the

terms sample and population
are best described in this way
A. There is really no difference
B. A sample is a subset of a population
C. A population is the ideal sample
D. None of the above
E. All of the above
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Important Distinctions
Population
All the people who have the condition or
characteristic of interest
May also be called population of interest
May also be called target population
Sample
A subset of the population
Does the sample reflect the population?

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Quantitative sampling strategies aim

for subjects who match the population
of interest.
A. True
B. False
C. It depends

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Quantitative studies that seek to

predict use sampling strategies to
reduce extraneous factors.
A. True
B. False
C. It depends

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Important Questions to Answer

To what types of patients do these research

conclusions apply?
Three questions

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Example of Study Sample Criteria for

Participation

The population for the CVD risk factors in

diabetes study were:
Children with insulin-dependent diabetes
Children without ketosis
Children without other chronic conditions
Children without known lipid abnormality
Children between ages 1 and 8 years

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Sampling strategies in
quantitative studies are used to
avoid bias. Bias in this case
refers to
A. When the researcher believes he/she knows the
answer in advance of the study
B. When random sampling is best but not selected
C. When some factor changes the results leading
to incorrect conclusions
D. None of the above
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Probability sampling uses

strategies to ensure everyone has
an equal chance of participating.
A. True
B. False
C. It depends

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Table of Random Numbers

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Probability sampling strategies

include which of the following?
A. Simple random
B. Stratified random
C. Systematic
D. None of the above
E. All of the above
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Nonprobability sampling should

not be used in quantitative
studies.
A. True
B. False
C. It depends

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Nonprobability sampling
strategies include which of the
following?
A. Convenience
B. Quota
C. Purposive
D. None of the above
E. All of the above
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Nonprobablity sample sizes are

usually smaller than probability
sample sizes.
A. True
B. False
C. It depends

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Older, lonely people are more

likely to volunteer to be in a
study. This is an example of
which type of sampling problem?
A. Response rate
B. Bias in subject recruitment
C. Incomplete data
D. None of these
E. All of these
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Qualitative sampling strategies

aim for subjects who match the
population of interest.
A. True
B. False
C. It depends

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In qualitative research, which of

the following sampling strategies
is used?
A. Convenience
B. Snowball
C. Purposive
D. None of the above
E. All of the above
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Does the Sample in the Study Fit With the

Population of Interest?

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Differences in Sampling Approaches

Quantitative

Qualitative

Goal is to include as
many sources as possible
to add richness and
depth

Goal is to limit effects of

outside variables (bias), to
control variation

Approach is driven by
data collection and
evolves.

Approach is established at
the beginning of study.

Members of sample called

subjects

Members of sample called

participants

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Qualitative Sampling Approaches

Convenience
Snowball
Purposive

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QUESTION

Is the following statement True or False?

A purposive sample consists of members of the
population who are readily available.

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ANSWER

False.
A convenience sample consists of members of the
population who are readily available. A purposive
sample consists of participants who are intentionally
or purposefully selected because they have certain
characteristics related to the purpose of the
research.

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Quantitative Sampling Approaches

General approaches
1. Nonprobability sample
2. Probability sample

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Nonprobability Samples

Convenience sample
Sampling frame
Quota sample
Matched sample

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Nonprobability Samples (cont.)

Strengths
Weaknesses

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QUESTION
A sample that is selected with a goal of having an
established number of subjects who represent one or
more important characteristics is a ___________.
A.matched sample
B.quota sample
C.random sample
D.snowball sample

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ANSWER

B. quota sample
A sample that is selected on the basis of a goal of
having an established number of subjects who
represent one or more important characteristics
recommendations based on results is a quota
sample. The quota has been filled with desired
participants.

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Probability Sample

Random sample
Random selection
Stratified random sample
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling

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Summary of Sampling Strategies

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Probability Samples

Strengths
Weaknesses

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QUESTION
A process of sampling in stages starting with groups
within the population and then individuals within the
groups is a ____________.
A.cluster sample
B.random sample
C.stratified random sample
D.systematic sample

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ANSWER

A. cluster sample
A process of sampling in stages starting with groups
within the population and then individuals within the
groups is a cluster sample. Small clusters form and
then participants are selected from within.

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Sample Size

Qualitative
Data saturation
Quantitative studies
Power analysis

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In Summary

Sample versus population

Goals and approaches differ
Sampling affects the results and conclusions of the
study
Sampling answers the question

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Questions?

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