Topic 4 - Design of Ideal Reactors For Single Reaction

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Page 1
Subtopics:
Ideal Batch Reactor
Steady state mixed flow reactor
(MFR)
Steady state plug flow reactor
Space time and space velocity
Holding time and space time for
flow reactor
Size comparison of single reactors
Reference: Fogler and Levenspiel
Page 2
Reactors covered in Topic 4 are:

1.Batch Reactor
2. Steady State MFR - Mixed Flow
Reactor
3. Steady State PFR - Plug Flow
Reactor
Page 3
Ideal Batch Reactor

Application
Small scale production/one-off production
Pharmaceutical and fermentation
Advantages
Easy to clean
High conversion per volume
Flexibility of operation-same reactor can
produce one product one time and a different
product the next
Disadvantages:
High operating cost
Product quality more variable than with
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Page 4
Ideal Batch Reactor

Batch Reactor Design Equation
* the reactants are initially charged into a container, are well
mixed
0 for
0 certain period
and are left to react
Material Balance: In Out + Product =
Accumulation
Recall the batch reactor design equation
dN A
rA V
dt
dX
N Ao
rA V
dt
differential
form
N A N Ao 1 X
t N Ao
X t
dX
rA V
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integral
form
Page 5
Ideal Batch Reactor
Page 6
Ideal Batch Reactor

Graphical representation of the performance
equations for batch reactors, isothermal and nonisothermal;
General case
Constant-density systems
only
Page 7
Steady State Mixed Flow Reactor (MFR)
Application
A production of where agitation is
required
Continuous production
Advantages
Easy to clean
Good temperature control
Low operating cost (labour)
Disadvantages:
Lowest conversion per unit
volume
Page 8
Steady State Mixed Flow Reactor (MFR)

The contents are well stirred and uniform throughout
The exit stream from this reactor has the same
composition as the fluid within the reactor
Recall the CSTR Design Equation:
FAo FA
V
rA
FA FAo 1 X
FAo X
V
rA exit
Page 9
SS-MFR
Design equation
FAo FA
V
rA
FAo X
V
rA
In terms of
conversion
Reactor sizing, the
FAo
rA
volume of MFR can

be calculated F
from
X
Ao
vs
rA
Page 10
SS-MFR
Reactors in series can also be designed provided there are no
side streams by defining the overall conversion at any point
moles of A reacted up to point i

Xi
moles of A fed to first reactor
Mole balance at reactor 1
FAo FA1 rA1V1 0
V1
FAo X 1
rA1
Mole balance at reactor 2

FA1 FA 2 rA 2V2 0
V2
FAo X 2 X 1
rA 2
Page 11
Steady State Plug Flow Reactor
Application
For large scale production
Production with fast reactions/high temperature
Both homogenous and heterogeneous reaction
Continuous production
Advantages
High conversion per volume
Low operating cost
Good heat transfer
Disadvantages:
Undesired thermal gradients may exist
Poor temperature controlFree Powerpoint Templates
Page 12
Steady State Plug Flow Reactor

Design equation
In terms of
conversion
dFA
rA
dV
dX
FAo
rA
dV
X
dX
V FAo
rA
0
The volume of PFR can be represented as
shaded area under the curve

- Area under the curve
can be calculated using
numerical method such
Free as
Powerpoint
Templates
Simpsons
Rule
Page 13
Space Time and Space Velocity
Space time,
is
obtained by dividing
reactor volume by
the volumetric flow
rate entering the
reactor
Time taken for fluid
to enter reactor
based on entrance
condition volume
and volumetric rate
Page 14
Space Time and Space Velocity
Space velocity, SV is defined as

o 1
SV
V
o |liquid
LHSV
V
o |STP
GHSV
V
Page 15
Holding time and Space Time for Reactor
For Batch reactor

dC A
rA
dt
CA
dC A
d
rA
C Ao
C Ao
CA
dC A
rA
Page 16
For CSTR/MFR,
FAo FA
V
rA
V
FAo
FA
o
o
rA
C Ao C A
rA
Page 17
For PFR
dFA
dV
rA
dC A
d
rA
X
dX
V FAo
rA
0
X
dX
C Ao
rA
0
Page 18
Size Comparison of Single Reactors
Page 19
Size Comparison of Single Reactors
Page 20
Page 21
Exam Q # 2 April 2011

The liquid phase of reaction A - B is an elementary
reaction in a flow reactor with 85% conversion of A.
The inlet concentration of A is 3 mol/liter and the
volumetric flowrate is
6 liter/hr.
Additional information: kA = 0.5 hr-1
a) Determine the space time and volume if this
reaction is carried out in a CSTR.
(4 marks)
b) Determine the space time and volume if this
reaction is carried out in a PFR.
(4 marks)
c) Repeat part (a) and (b) if the reaction now obeys
2nd order kinetics.
(8 marks)
d) Choose the best reactor for both order of reaction
and justify your answer
(6 marks)
Page 22
END OF
TOPIC 4
Page 23

Topic 4 - Design of Ideal Reactors For Single Reaction

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Reactors covered in Topic 4 are:

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Ideal Batch Reactor

Ideal Batch Reactor

Ideal Batch Reactor

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Ideal Batch Reactor

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Steady State Mixed Flow Reactor (MFR)

Steady State Mixed Flow Reactor (MFR)

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volume of MFR can

moles of A reacted up to point i

Mole balance at reactor 2

Steady State Plug Flow Reactor

Undesired thermal gradients may exist

Poor temperature controlFree Powerpoint Templates

Steady State Plug Flow Reactor

The volume of PFR can be represented as

shaded area under the curve

Space Time and Space Velocity

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Space Time and Space Velocity

Space velocity, SV is defined as

Holding time and Space Time for Reactor

For Batch reactor

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Holding time and Space Time for Reactor

Holding time and Space Time for Reactor

Size Comparison of Single Reactors

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Size Comparison of Single Reactors

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Exam Q # 2 April 2011

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